Reformation and Modern History Review

These flashcards cover key concepts and individuals from the Reformation and subsequent historical events leading up to the modern era.

Christian humanism

A movement in northern Europe during the Renaissance that combined classical learning and individualism with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church.

Salvation

The condition of achieving the goal of getting to Heaven through faith or faith and works.

Indulgence

A signed document given by the Pope or church officials releasing a person from all or part of the punishment for sin.

Lutheranism

Religious doctrine developed by Martin Luther that differed from Catholicism in teaching that salvation is achieved by faith alone.

Martin Luther

A German monk who criticized the Catholic Church and began the Protestant Reformation by writing the 95 Theses.

Ninety-five Theses

A written work by Martin Luther that outlined his concerns with the abuses of the Roman Catholic Church.

Peace of Augsburg

Formal agreement in Germany that ended the violence among German states and divided Christianity.

Predestination

The belief that God has predetermined who will be saved and who will be damned.

King Henry VIII

King of England who separated from the Roman Catholic Church to annul his marriage and became the supreme head of the Church of England.

Mary I

Daughter of Henry VIII known as 'Bloody Mary' for her persecution of Protestants to restore Roman Catholicism.

Anabaptists

Protestants who opposed state control of church affairs and advocated for a complete separation between church and state.

Cartography

The art and science of mapmaking.

Conquistador

A leader in the Spanish conquest of America.

Colony

A settlement of people living in a new territory linked with the parent country.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas.

Middle Passage

The forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.

Encomienda

Labor system used by the Spanish allowing landowners to use Native Americans as laborers.

Gold, Glory, and God

The motivations for European exploration and territorial expansion.

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer who was the first to circumnavigate the globe.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese royal who funded explorations and established a school for sailing.

Heretic

One who does not conform to established religious doctrine.

Inflation

A rapid increase in prices of goods, typically resulting in a decrease in currency value.

Absolutism

A political system where a ruler holds total power.

Natural rights

Rights that all humans are born with, such as life, liberty, and property.

Divine right of kings

The belief that kings receive their power from God and are accountable only to Him.

Anglicans

Followers of the Church of England.

Puritans

English Protestants wanting further reforms to the Church of England.

Separation of powers

A government structure where branches limit and control each other through checks and balances.

Social contract

The agreement that society should be governed by its general will.

Federal system

Government form where power is shared between national and state entities.

Isaac Newton

Mathematician who explained laws of motion and gravity.

Montesquieu

French noble who introduced the idea of separation of powers in government.

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher advocating laissez-faire economics.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Enlightenment philosopher who proposed the social contract concept.

William Shakespeare

Famous playwright and actor of the Elizabethan era.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Military general who became emperor of France and was eventually defeated.

Cottage industry

A production method where tasks are done by individuals in their homes.

Industrial capitalism

An economic system based on industrial production.

Socialism

An economic system where society or government owns and controls production means.

Feminism

The movement advocating for women's rights.

Suffrage

The right to vote.

Modernism

A movement where artists and writers rejected traditional styles during 1870-1914.

Psychoanalysis

A method of therapy that explores the unconscious mind.

Social Darwinism

Theory used to justify dominance based on Darwin's natural selection concept.

Zionism

Movement for establishing a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Imperialism

The extension of a nation's power over other lands.

Racism

The belief that race influences a person's traits and capabilities.

Indirect rule

Colonial governance allowing local rulers to maintain authority.

Direct rule

Colonial governance removing local elites and replacing them with officials from the colonizing country.

Annex

To incorporate a region into an existing political unit.

David Livingstone

Explorer known for mapping central Africa and seeking a navigable river.

Indigenous

Native to a particular region.

Viceroy

A governor who rules as a representative of a monarch.

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian leader advocating nonviolent resistance for India's independence.

Dollar diplomacy

Using financial resources to influence foreign relations.

Trench warfare

Fighting from trenches, common on the Western Front during WWI.

Triple Entente

Alliance of Russia, France, and Great Britain during WWI.

Triple Alliance

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary in WWI.

Total war

War involving complete mobilization of resources and affecting all citizens.

Mobilization for war

The process of assembling troops and supplies for armed conflict.

Bolshevik Revolution

Uprising in Russia led by the Bolsheviks, resulting in a socialist government.

Lawrence of Arabia

British officer who inspired revolts against the Ottoman Empire.

War of attrition

Strategy aimed at wearing down the opponent through sustained attacks.

Western front

The military front in Western Europe during WWI, primarily in France.

President Woodrow Wilson

US President who proposed the League of Nations for peacekeeping.