Psych 1 Final Gade

Sigmund Freud (background)

grew up in Austria, doctor of medicine, treating people with hypnosis to reach “unconcscious”

The Psychodynamic Theory

personality is based on the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual

Conscious

the thoughts and experiences of which we are aware of that impact our behaviors

unconscious

the thoughts and experiences of which we are UNAWARE of that impact our behaviors

Id

an unconscious force that constantly seeks satisfaction of basic needs (survival, sex, thirst hunger, sleep)

Superego

a preconscious force that’s only goal is to push us to do what is right (society’s standards)

Ego

a conscious force that we develop in the social world and operates on the reality principle-seeking to satisfy id’s and the superego’s desires in realistic ways

Freud’s clinical work to bring the unconscious “up”

psychoanalysis, hypnosis, free association, dream interpretation, freudian slips

Freuds focus on sexual trauma/frustration: oral stage

0-18 months, mouth centered stimulation, oral fixations

Freuds focus on sexual trauma/frustration: Anal Stage

18-36 months, potty training focus, anal retentiveness

Freuds focus on sexual trauma/frustration: Phallic Stage

3-6 years, genital/gender exploration, penis envy, gender intensification, castration fear

Freuds focus on sexual trauma/frustration: Latency

6-puberty, no libido

Major complications about freud

most of his theories of psychosexual development and the unconscious have not panned out

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

college of Freuds, accepted Freuds theories that personality is formed from conscious and unconscious and past experiences have an impact on our personalities. broke with freuds work because of his differing beliefs about personality formation. spiritual component to personaility: archetypes and collective unconcscious

Alfred Adler’s Superiority Theory

an early student of freud, broke away because of differing theories (too much sex focus), individual psychology: thoughts and behaviors is focus on attempt for superiority

Inferiority Complex

Alfred Adler: an exaggerated feeling of weakness, inadequacy, and helplessness due to assessing a lack in a skill

Carl Rogers

humanistic approach, actual self, ideal self, self-efficacy, self-actualization

humanistic approach

Carl Rogers: assumes positive of people in attempts to overcome hardship and despair

actual self

carl rogers: the person that we are

ideal self

carl rogers: the person that we want to be

self-efficacy

carl rogers: the belief in the ability to accomplish a goal/task

self-actualization

Carl Rogers: the achievement of one’s full potential, that results in great accomplishments, and is obtained through the alignment of selves

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow child of immigrants had a hard upbringing, had a new perspective on the heirarchy of needs

Hierarchy of Needs

(Maslow) Physiological: breathing, food, water, etc., Safety: personal and financial security, health, law, love/belonging: friendship, love, intimacy, esteem: self esteem, achievement, prestige, self-actualization: peace, knowledge, personal growth

Albert Bandura

how we learn to develop personality related behaviors, modeling, bobo doll experiments

Walter Mischel

concept of competencies (skill sets that we have available to deal with social situations)

Personality

The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character

Traits

a distinguishing character or quality that ca be used to describe consistent behaviors in an individual

Gordon Allport

first true personality psychologist, explored biological basis of traits (physiology and genetics), examined the nuances of traits by exploring (frequency, intensity, range)

The Big 5

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

shortcomings of big 5

not always good predictor of other cultures, might have too few variables (religious levels, humor), might have too many variables

learning theory of traits

social interactions and identity shape personality traits and our interpretations of them

historical clinical ways to address the biological

psychosurgery, electro-convulsive shock therapy (ECT), lobotomies

modern clinical ways to address the biological

medication

psychotherapy

treatment of psychological disorders and mental issues through methods that include an interactive relationship between a trained therapist and a client or clients

first approach: psychoanalysis

developed by sigmund freud, based on psychodynamic theory, identify unconscious explore past and present and uses talking, hypnosis, and dream interpretation

Behavioral Approach

focus is on adjusting actions in order to eventually change the mind, begins with goals and work to achieve through classical and operant conditioning and systematic desensitization example, not used widely across mental health issues

cognitive behavioral approach (CBT)

attempts to address cognitions/emotions, used for a variety of disorders

other approaches to psychotherapy

brief therapy, group therapy, self-help groups, integrative psychotherapy

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

continuous anxiety symptoms must be present for at least 6 months, found in 2-3% of the population, diagnosed more in women, treatment is antidepressant medication and CBT

Panic Disorder

panick attacks, must occur several times for at least 1 month and worry about future panic attacks are a part of diagnosis, 3% of the population is diagnosed, treatment antidepressants, behavior therapy, and aging

phobias

symptoms: irrational fear of a particular object or situation, prevalence, 7-9% diagnosed, treatments: behavioral therapy and CBT, tranquilizers and antidepressant medication

depression

negative mood and lethargic behavior, 7+% of US population diagnosed, family linked, life events contribute to the emergence of depression, treatment: SSRI, psychotherapies

seasonal affective disorder

similar symptoms to depression to a milder extent associated with change of seasons prevalence dependent on geographic location, light therapy is a popular and effective treatment

persistent depressive disorder

Dysthymia, symptoms similar to depression but milder and last much longer, 2.5% of population, not considered traumatic but can be debilitating

Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive disorder)

moods alternate between depression, level mood, and manic symptoms, different types of bipolar (type1: at least one manic episode, type2: hypomania and milder depression symptoms, cyclothymia: hypomania and milder depression symptoms), about 1% of population, mood stabilizer

schizophrenia

sever disconnect with reality with many cognitive and emotional symptoms like positive negative cognitive and affective symptoms, DSM requires person exhibit deterioration of daily activities along with at least two symptoms discussed, 1-2% population

schizophrenia positive symptoms

behaviors and thoughts that are present, or added to the persons repertoire that a typical person does not have, ex: hallucinations perceiving things that are not there, delusions very rigid or false unfounded beliefs like persecution grandiose reference

schizophrenia negative symptoms

typical behaviors/thoughts that are diminished or absent from the person’s repertoire, ex: anhedonia diminished ability to experience emotions, blunted affect lacking expression of emotion, flat voice, social withdrawal, poor self-care

schizophrenia cognitive symptoms

abnormal functioning on cognitive tasks (attention processing, organization), loose association between topics, sudden derailment of thought, memory impairments

schizophrenia affective symptoms

very strong mood-based reactions to the environment, severe depression, anxiety issues

theorized causes of schizophrenia

genetic (no single gene has been linked to guaranteed emergence), brain abnormality/malformation, neurodevelopmental hypothesis during gestation, diathesis-stress model used today

treatments of schizophrenia

CBT, help patients perceive distinctions in hallucinations, treat self-esteem or other psychological issues for delusions, increase social skills, antipsychotic neuroleptic drugs

Barnum Effect

the tendency to accept generalized personality descriptions as accurate descriptions of ones unique personality

validity

the extent to which the test accurately measures what you’re trying to measure

reliability

the extent to which a variable is free from random error

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

assesses personality traits and psychopathology used in clinical settings, limitations: culture, high intercorrelatins, misleading outdated terms

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

used in workplace and school, extrovert/introvert, sensing/intuitive, thinking/feeling, judging/perceiving, limitations: categorization does not capture all big-five traits

Projective Techniques

stimuli are intentionally ambiguous promote personal exploration, results open to interpretation

Rorschach inkblots

ambiguous image allows people to explain what they see

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

developed by morgan and murray, projective test that is made up of 30 picures, ambiguous but less abstract than inkblot

opioid epidemic

more than 130 people per day were dying from overdosing likely gotten worse, opioids act on endorphins prescribed for pain

types of opioids

heroin, morphine, prescription pain killers, fentanyl (synthetic opioid)

clinical diagnosis for opioid addiction

DSM-V, cognitive behavior and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance related problems, more specific diagnosis than just addiction

addiction diagnosis in DSM

inability to manage behavior around a certain area and it causes trouble in your life, includes gambling disorder, sex addictions, etc.

substance use disorder symptoms

impaired control over substance (take in larger amounts or for longer than intended), social impairment (failure to fulfill obligations at work, school, home), risky use (repeated uses in dangerous situations like driving), pharmacological effects (tolerance and withdrawal)

tolerance

either need more of the substance to achieve the desired effect or a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount

withdrawal

negative physical and psychological effects that develop when a person stops taking a substance or reduces amount, recurrent use of drug to relieve/avoid withdrawal

physical dependence

biological dependence, bodys growing tolerance of the drug leads to withdrawal if removed

psychological dependence

neurochemical dependence, presence of antecedents cue the brain to strongly anticipate and desire the substance and its reinforcing consequences

nicotine addiction treatment

nicotine patch, gum lozenges

alcohol addiction treatment

inpatient for detox, alcoholics anonymous AA, medications antabuse, harm reduction, contingency management, relapse prevention

opiate addiction treatment

narcotics anonymous NA, substitute methadone for opiates, contingency management