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How do urban growth rates vary in parts of the world with contrasting levels of development
There is more urbanisation in EDCs and LIDCs than ACs
Why is there less urbanisation happening in ACs
• Urbanisation has already happened due to the industrial revolution
• Most people already live in cities
• There is less disparity between rural and urban areas, so less rural-urban migration
Definition of mega city
Cities with more than 10 million people
Characteristics of mega city
(more than 10 million people)
Rapid growth
High population density
Crime
Poverty
Social inequality
What leads cities to become megacities
• Natural increase
• Migration
• Economic development
Characteristics of world city
• Cities of global economic importance
• Hubs for internal trade
• Home to HQs of TNCs
• Centres of global communications
Examples of world cities
New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, Singapore
Examples of megacities
Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Tokyo
How has the distribution of world cities changed since 1950
• World cities like London were in the top ten list of most populated cities in 1950
• Nowadays London is not a mega city, but it is a world city
• The number of world cities has increased since 1950
How has the distribution of megacities changed since 1950
In 1950 there were only two megacities - New York and Tokyo
Today there are at least 33, a lot of which are in EDCs
Causes of rapid urbanisation in LIDCs
• Rural - urban migration
• Internal growth
Push factors of rural-urban migration to Lagos
In countryside there is:
No electricity
Lack of job opportunities
Only jobs are hard labour in primary sector
Climate may be different in rural areas e.g. Heavy rainfall in Northern Nigeria pushes people to move to Lagos
Pull factors of rural-urban migration
• Good electricity
• More jobs
• More security
• Jobs in the secondary and tertiary sector
• More services like schools (and closer together)
Why does rural-urban migration happen more in LIDCs than ACs
• In LIDCs, living in the countryside is very different to the city
• Whereas in ACs there's not too much of a gap
• In Zambia in rural areas only 3% of people have access to electricity, but 47% do in urban areas
Why does internal growth happen in LIDCs
• Migrants are young (working age) so are having children
• LIDCs have less access to contraception, women are more inclined to have kids than to go to work. This leads to a high birth rate
Consequences of rapid urban growth in LIDCs
• Leads to slums as government can't support quick population increase
• Unemployment -> people work in informal sector
• Overcrowding
• More crime as people outnumber police
What is suburbanisation and how is it caused
• When people move out of the city, into rural or undeveloped land, creating suburbs
• Push factors = overcrowding, pollution, traffic, unemployment
• Pull factors = green spaces, family friendly, new housing estates, rent is cheaper when further from city, safer
Consequences of suburbanisation
environmental
New housing damages countryside and animal habitats
Increase of cars adds air pollution since everyone is commuting
social
City centres can become deserted as offices and businesses are abandoned
Better sense of community in suburbs
What is counter urbanisation and how is it caused
When people move from urban to rural areas
Push factors = overcrowding, pollution, traffic
Pull factors = green spaces, safer, family friendly, new housing estates, rent is cheaper, safer, you can work from home, everyone has cars so can commute
Consequences of counter urbanisation
social
Small villages lose their identity (often become 'commuter towns')
more space in the city
environmental
more pollution from cars
economic
Helps keep the countryside modern because new services will be opened up
What is re urbanisation and how is it caused
• When people move back into cities
• Push factors = lack of jobs in rural areas or suburbs, less leisure and entertainment, counter-urbanisation may have increased house prices
• Pull factors = people want entertainment facilities, redevelopment of brownfield sites means improved housing, young people attracted to universities
Consequences of re urbanisation
economic
Shops and services benefit from more residents
House prices increase in redeveloped areas due to more people
House prices drop in rural areas / suburbs
social
Increase in tension between new and old residents
London's importance locally
• Economic hubs in the City of London and Canary Wharf generate income and economic growth
London's importance nationally
• 30% of the UK's income comes from London
• It is the home of the UK government
• It is the UK's capital and wealthiest city
• Avg salary in London is more than £10,000 more than the avg salary in the UK
London's importance globally
• It is close to the UK's busiest airports, Heathrow and Gatwick
• It is a worldcity
• One of the most important financial centres in the world
• Home to the HQs of many international companies
• Attracts investment and migrants from across the globe
Patterns of migration in London and how does this change the character of the city
The population of the UK is growing due to international migrants
More people are coming to than leaving London
Within the UK, lots of people migrate to London for work or university
As a result, it is a very ethnically diverse city; less than 50% of London is white British
Migration strongly influences London's character
People of the same ethnicity gravitate towards the same areas, creating distinctive areas of a certain culture like Brick Lane
Culture in London
• London has famous theatres in the West End
• Museums like the National Gallery and the British Museum
• Hosts London Fashion Week
Ethnicity in London
• There are some areas in London with lots of people from one ethnicity e.g. Chinatown, Brick Lane
• Means there is food and music from many different cultures. As well as festivals like Notting Hill Carnival, Chinese New Year parade etc
Housing in London
• In richer communities and suburbs, housing is modern apartments or large homes with gardens
• In poorer communities in the inner city, housing density is higher and buildings are split between families
Leisure in London
• There are lots of leisure facilities like cinemas, pubs etc
• London has some of the best shopping areas and restaurants in the whole of the UK
• Large parks e.g. Hyde Park
• Attractions like the London Eye
PSD for Consumption in London
London consumes nearly 7 million tonnes of food a year, most of which is imported
One initiative to make London more sustainable
• A congestion charge was introduced to discourage people from driving into the city
• £15 daily charge if you drive within the Congestion Charge zone 7:00-18:00 Monday-Friday and 12:00-18:00 Sat-Sun
Benefits of congestion charge
Congestion charge has reduced traffic by 35%
Increased public transport usage
12% more cycle journeys into the congestion zone
It reduced levels of nitrous oxides in the air
Drawbacks of congestion charge
• Pollution from diesel black cabs increased since they are exempt
• It burdens drivers with lower incomes that have to drive into the city for their job (e.g. uber drivers)
• Leads to overcrowding on tubes and buses
Challenges of living in London
Air pollution
Rise in violent crime
Inequality
Transport system
PSD for air pollution in London
2 million Londoners live in areas of pollution above international pollution limits
How is inequality a problem in London
The gap between rich and poor is very big
Avg income in Kensington and Chelsea is £130,000 but in Newham it is £35,000
How is transport system a problem
• Roads are frequently congested
• Avg speed traffic in central London is only 8 mph
• London Underground is often overcrowded
psd for rise in violent crime in London
from 2015 to 2023, knife crime has increased by 66%
Overview of Lagos
Lagos is the largest city in Africa
population = 15 mill
It is not the capital of Nigeria
Lagos' importance locally
• Magnet for migrants (rural-urban migration) due to job opportunities
• There are many bridges to connect it to the mainland
Lagos' importance nationally
• Lagos contains 80% of Nigeria's industry
• Lots of TNCs are located there
Lagos' importance globally
Has ports and an airport, making it a centre for regional and global trade
why is there lots of rural to urban migration in Lagos
economic
There is a lack of jobs in rural areas
Income is 4x higher in cities than countryside
social
Lack of safety for example in oil regions like Port Harcourt
environmental
There is lots of rainfall in Northern Nigeria so people move to the city
Consequences of migration in Lagos
social
More squatter settlements
Lagos used to only be inhabited by the Yoruba people, but in the last few decades new population growth has crowded out the culture of original Yoruba inhabitants
more crime
environmental
More traffic
economic
Unemployment due to lots of people
Culture in Lagos
• Lagos has a big 'Nollywood' film industry
• There is a thriving music scene with styles like Afrobeat and hip hop
Ethnicity in Lagos
• There are 250 ethnic groups in Lagos
• There can be ethnic tension particularly between different religions e.g. Christians and Muslims
Housing in Lagos
• 60% of the city live in squatter settlements
• There are some high-rise flats and skyscrapers in the central business district
• The very rich live in gated communities on Banana Island
Leisure in Lagos
• Lagos hosts the Lagos International Jazz Festival every year
• Street parties and nightclubbing are popular activities
psd for consumption in Lagos
Consumption of energy is rapidly increasing in Nigeria
Lagos is responsible for more than 50% of this increase
One initiative to make Lagos more sustainable
• Eko Atlantic is a development being built to help fight against unemployment and overcrowding / lack of houses
• It aims to provide homes for 250k residents and to support 150k daily commuters
Benefits of Eko Atlantic
social
Will provide homes for 250k people
There will be a hospital and an international private school
Citywide canal network to connect with Lagos ferry transport system
economic
will employ 150k people
More employment -> more spending -> more money in economy
environmental
It will be self reliant with own power, water, sewage system
Drawbacks of Eko Atlantic
There are 1.7 million people living in squatter settlements so Eko Atlantic isn't big enough to support all of these people
It is separate from Lagos' main city so it doesn't help with much issues
Only caters to the ultra-rich - it won't reduce the amount of squatter settlements
Hasn't finished being built yet
Challenges of living in Lagos
• Squatter settlements
• Unemployment
• Waste disposal
How are squatter settlements a problem in Lagos
1.7 million Lagosians live in squatter settlements
social
The houses are illegally built, meaning that people face eviction or their houses can easily be demolished to clean up the city
There is only one primary school in the Makoko settlement, meaning most children don't get educated
environmental
Disease spreads easily due to a lack of clean water e.g. Cholera
Stagnant water increases malaria, and people are not immunised
How is waste disposal a problem
Lagos produces 9000 tonnes of waste a day
Only 40% of this actually collected
Large rubbish dumps contain toxic waste
Waste disposal is not controlled, increasing air and water pollution
Lots of waste is dumped into the sea
How is unemployment a problem in Lagos
60% of people work in the informal sector
These people work long hours for very little pay - less than £2 a day
Street sellers' stalls can be bulldozed to make way for new developments, leaving vendors without a source of income
Environmental problems of living in Lagos
Commuters spend up to 3 hrs a day in traffic