Exam 3

slave trade of Africa

many slaves were brought to the Carribean, Brazil and parts of Asia, and the US to work in the sugar cane fields

sharecropping

farming system in which freed slaves worked for a landowner who assigned them land and other resources such as farming equipment, seeds, shelter, and clothing

behaviors for maintaining health in Africa

consumption of 3 meals a day, especially a hot breakfast

cod liver oil taken to prevent colds

Vicks VapoRub ingested for colds

Copper or silver bracelet is worn for protection —> harm will occur when removed, if skin darkens around bracelet, illness is looming

voodoo practices in Africa

originated in the Caribbean, practiced in the South, includes African and Catholic beliefs

influences by European witchcraft

cure illness via spells, magic powers, stones, and herbs

root doctor in African cultures

uses home remedies or charms to remove evil

subsistence farming

system of farming that provides enough food to feed the family

limited surplus of crops for sale

food from North Africa

Mezze —> various dishes served in small amounts

Tagine —> Moroccan stew prepared in a round pottery bowl with a cone-shaped lid

Bastilla —> flaky-crusted pigeon pie with ginger, cumin, cayenne, saffron, cinnamon, and confectionary sugar

Harira —> soup with legumes, meat, vegetables with spices, and lemon, common dinner during Ramadan

foods from West Africa

Sierra Leone —> corn, millet, rice

Nigeria —> yams

Congo and Angola —> cassava and plantains

ackee apples

Kanya —> peanut candy made with rice flour

Fufu —> made by boiling starchy vegetables like potatoes in Nigeria

Jollof Rice —> layers of meat, tomatoes, vegetables, and steamed rice prepared in a tomato-based stew

attieke

from the Ivory Coast

couscous

grilled chiken or fried fish

tomatoes

sliced onions

prepared by women

staple foods from Ethipoia, Eritrea, Somalia, and Sudan

teff

sorghum

plantains

coffee

Ethiopian foods

wat —> the national dish of Ethiopia (animal protein, berbere)

berbere —> Ethiopian seasoning

Injera —> Ethiopian Flat bread made from teff

Yemiser Selatta —> lentil salad

Yatalete Kilkil —> casserole

Ethiopian Tea Ceremony

involves roasting, grinding, brewing and serving

more than just a meal is a social gathering that brings people together

time of conversation and happiness that unites people

Eritrea and Somalian foods

anjeero —> Somalian flat-bread

sambosa —> vegetable and meat-stuffed fritters

Frittata —> scrambles egg dish with vegetables

shuro or shiro —> thick paste made from chickpeas, onions, tomatoes, and berbere

foods from Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganada

chapatis —> unleavened whole wheat flat bread

Kitumba —> rice fritter

Mandazi —> slightly sweetened doughnut bread

Ugali —> thick dough like cornmeal porride, national dish of Kenya

foods from South Africa

chutney —> spicy fruit or vegetable relishes

The Gatsby Sandwich —> popular in Cape Town, snadwich roll, bologna slices, French fries, lettuce, ketchup, hot piri-piri sauce

bunny chow —> common in Durban, hollow white bread filled with curry, animal proteins, kidney beans, and vegetables

the slave diet

teff

dried salted cod

common items salted port and corn

rice

salted fish

molasses

greens

legume

milk

sweet potatoes

foods of a Soul Food meal

vegetables

meats available from the owner (pigs feet and beef tounge)

hot red peppers, black peppers, vinegar, salt, black pepper and paprika

special occasions in Africa

Child-Naming Ceramonies in Nigeria —> performed by the grandmother who offers symbolic foods to the infant

Kwanza —> created in California to celebrate unity of African heritage, candle is lit each day to symbolize 1 of 7 principles, dishes from Africa, the Caribbean, and southern US are prepared

Juneteenth —> recognized the emancipation of slaves

pica

practice of eating nonnutritive substances including clay, chalk, and laundry starch

most often practiced among black women during pregnancy and pospartum period

rural —> clay

urban —> laundry starch

caused by the need for minerals, hunger or nausea, need for special treatment, cultural treatment

sickle cell anemia

red blood cells are sickle-shaped due to the genetic alteration of the protein hemoglobin

history of brazil

was originally controlled by Portugal

Portugal arrived in Brazil to get land to cultivate sugar cane

slave trade in brazil

salves from Africa were brought over to work in the sugar cane fields and brought many foods with them like dende oil (palm oil) and okra

slavory was abolished in 1888

many descendents of slaves faced the fact that they need to fight for land that their ancestors lived and worked on

majority religion in Brazil

Roman Catholic

immigration patterns of Brazillians

Little Brazils —> established in Queens and Manhattan

Major settlements in the US include Pennsylvania, DC, and Miami

family structure in Brazil

daily visits are common

relatives mentor children through rites of passage such as conformation, graduation, the starts of a career, and marriage

families are predominantly patriarchal

extended family members typically live close to one another

traditional health beliefs and practices of Brazil

faith —> associate faith with health and many believe in fate and seek intervention from saints when ill

bad health —> attributed to liver problems or hot-cold imbalance

curendiero —> priest/priestess who diagnoses and treats spiritual problems, prescribe healing baths or botanicals

common remedies —> herbal teas

capoeira

Brazilian Marital Arts

dance, acrobatics, and music

created by the slaves to hide fighting with dance at the beginning of the 16th century

way for slaves of expressing African culture

cultures influence Brazilian foods

Portuguese, African, and Native influences

common foods in Brazil

yucca

acai berry

rice and beans

tapioca

breads (pao)

Feijoada Completa

National dish of Brazil

originated in rio de Janiero

ties to salvery in the country

Saturday or Sunday food

Siesta usually follows

smoked meats, sausage, bacon, beans, rice, hot sauces, lime juice, cassava meal, and oranges

oranges help with iron absorption from the beef

churrasco method

slow cooked over fire

way of cooking meats in Brazil

Pao de Queijo

Brazilian Cheese Bread

malagueta pepper

adopted by West Africans in Bazil

used in sauces (piri-piri) and stews

vatapa

paste made with bread, smoked dried shrimp, peanuts, cashews, coconut milk, and malagueta chiles

used as a filing for black-bean fritters

sometimes served with rice as an entree

pirao

rice or cornmeal porridge

side dish

Middle Easterners who immigrated to the southeastern Brazil adapted couscous

foods are Brazil

canijica —> caramel custard, corn, and cinnamon

pirao de arroz —> rice pudding flavored with coconut

brigadeiro —> Brazilian dessert with sweetened condensed milk, dessert was named after a Brazilian brigadier running for office

Brazilian beverages

Guarana —> carbonated soft drink made from the seeds of guarana fruit, contains caffeine

Cachaca —> distilled spirit made from sugarcane

Capirinhas —> cachaca with lime juice, sugar, mint served over ice

meal composition in Brazil

Breakfast —> light meal (bread or roll with jam, cup of coffee or milk), complete (fresh fruit or pastries and occasionally ham or cheese)

lunch —> main meal, consumed with family or friends, appetizers (fritters or empanada), meat or seafood stew or grilled meat dish, side (rice, beans, fried potatoes, greens), salads served with the meal

afternoon coffee break

dinner —> lighter meal around 9pm each evening, cold cuts, seafood salad, or serving of soup or stews

beer, wine, fruit juice, and soft drinks are consumed at meals

gender roles for meals in Brazil

women prepared meals and served them to men

women could eat when men finished their foods

meal patterns and socioeconomic status in Brazil

three meals per day are common among the middle class and affluent populations

low-income populations usually reside in rural areas and limited to an early breakfast and large dinner around 6pm (stew and side dish of potatoes)

Carnival

festivities, parties, and traditional fare

celebration with parties three days before Lent

June Parties

Festa Junina

catholic celebration of the harvest of Brazil

bonfires, food, music, and dancing

individuals dress up in farm outfits

Brazil Independence Day

september 27th

recognized independence from Portugal

parades in major cities

nutritional status of Brazilians

traditional diets low in calories density and high in fiber associated with lower BMI

westernized diets with foods high in added fats (butter, margarine, and fried snacks) and sugars (soft drinks) were associated with higher BMI

durian

spiky tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia

has a very strong gross odor

creamy custard like flavor

banned in airports and hotels due to the smell

major religion in Thailand

Buddhism

Thailand immigration to US increased due to

Asian Financial Crisis in 1997

Military Coup in 2006

Songkran Festival in Thailand

Thailand New Year

Buddhist temples

do water blessings for a fresh start

expanded to use of water guns and buckets as part of population-wide celebrations

making merit - involves conducting positive actions, thinking positivity to improve one’s future

papaya salad

green papaya

carrots

tomatoes

lime juice

fish sauce

peanuts

shrimp or prawns

bordering countries of Cambodia

Thailand

Laos

Vietnam

European country that occupied Cambodia

France

major religion of Cambodia

Buddhism

Cambodia History

Angkor Empire —> peach from the 10th to 13th centuries, declines due to attacks by Thai and Cham (currently Vietnam)

French Rule —> late 1800s to 1953 the country was under French rule

Khmer Rouge —> 1975-1979, the Communist Party led by Pol Pat gained Cambodian Rule in 1975, caused evacuation of Phnom Penh and major cities, agricultural society and elimination of social classes, citizens were deprived of their basic rights, many died of starvation, exhaustion, diseases, or execution

Cambodian Immigration Trends

occurred due to the US granting asylum to residents of refugee camps located near the Thailand border

Major Settlements —> Long Beach, California, and Lowell, Massachusetts

states with larger numbers of Cambodians —> Texas, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New York, Minnesota, Illinois, and Rhode Island

family structure in Cambodia

large, extended family

males considered the authoritative figure

elders are highly values

children are required to demonstrate good behavior

Khmer New Year

in mid-April

people attend the temple and pray

celebrations with food, drink, games, and dance performances

water fights, talcum powder and flour, both are symbols of cleanliness

Khmer Thanksgiving

in September or October

the deceased family members are honored in prayer

food is prepared and left for the deceased spirits

foods are also offered to monks at the temple

main agricultural products

cassava

rice

sugar cane

soybeans

oil palm fruit

pork

avocado

Amok Trey

Cambodias national dish

coconut fish curry served in coconut shells or banana leaves

spicy or non-spicy

nom ban chok

Khmer Noodles

rice noodles soaked for hours

consumed with fish sauce and raw vegetables

breakfast or snack food

fish paste and sauce

rice

lemongrass

coconut milk

vegetables —> cabbage, cucumber

lok lak

stir fry beef with vegetables

marinated beef

cucumber

lettuce

tomatoes

sauce is made from lime juice, garlic, pepper, and salt

bor bor

rice porridge

consumed plain or with vegetables and protein-based foods —> meats, soybeans

common breakfast food

used for treating illness

pra hok

fish/anchovy paste

raw vegetables

caramelized pork stew with hardboiled eggs

pork belly

hardboiled eggs

tofu (if preferred)

caramelized sugar

soy sauce

fish or oyster sauce

Khu Thiev

Pho

morning meal

vermicelli or rice noodles

beef or pork stock

animal or plant-based proteins

garnishes —> lettuce or bean sprout, scallions, basil

herbs

mango pudding with dragonfruit

a Cambodian dessert

mango pudding

dragonfruit garnish

Khmer Rouge conflict connected to nutritional status in Cambodia and after immigration to the US

poor mental health status

high rates of chronic disease

food insecurity

previous food deprivation associated with dietary behaviors and being overweight or obese

past health issues in Cambodia

infant and children mortality rates

immunization

child feeding practices

clean water

HIV/AIDS

changes in dietary behaviors among Cambodian women after acculturated to the US

adopted more Western style foods and declined in traditional Cambodian foods

meditation

practice that encourages a heightened state of awareness by focusing attention

many practices are associated with yoga

yoga

derived from a Sanskrit word that means yoke or union

method that develops the mind-body connection in an individual

improves strength and flexibility

practice by more then 11 million Americans in the US

immigration patterns of Indians

upper socioeconomic classes

fluent in English

familiar with American customs

Major settlements in California, New York, and New Jersey

caste system in India

Brahmans —> priests

Kshatriyas —> soldiers

Vaisyas —> merchants or farmers

Untouchables —> impure, dalits or scheduled castes

Sudras —> laborers and artisans

major religion in India

hinduism (85%)

establish temples in the US

site to observe major holiday events

vegans —> eliminate all animal products from the diet

vegetarians —> choose one or two animal products as part of the diet

minor religions in India

Sikh

Islam

Buddhism

Jainism (branch of Hinduism; strict vegetarians)

Christianity

family structure in India

husband is the head of the household

wife works in the home, especially with food preparation

children are require to show respect to elders

arranged marriages are common

ayurvedic medicine

ayur = longevity, veda = science of knowledge

based on the idea of balance in body systems, uses diet, herbal treatments, and yoga

declining due to biomedicine

safety concerns as some treatments may contain lead and mercury

vaidyas

individuals who practice Ayurvedic Medicine

trained at government supported schools

evaluate the pulse, face, eyes, nails, preferences, work habit, character, and life history of the client

traditional foods in India

Basmati Rice

fermented milk and yogurt

Paneer —> fresh cheese from buffalo milk

Ghee —> pure, clarified butter

Masalas —> distinct mixtures of spices and herbs

tandoor ovens

thick-walled, deep-jar shaped clay ovens used for roasting meats and baking naan

common dishes in India

chicken biryani —> mixed rice dish, incorporates chicken, lamb, goat, or fish, garam masala

kofta —> ground meats with dal

roti —> flatbreads in Northern India, prepared on a griddle

kheer —> rice pudding with water, sugar, and cardamom

lassi —> yogurt based beverage, sweet, salty, or spicy

samosas —> spicy, deep-fried turnovers with either vegetable ingredients or meats

vindaloo —> hot and sour curry, incorporates chicken or pork, chili peppers, coconut, vinegar, tomatoes, commonly prepared in coastal areas of India

meal composition and cycle in India

coffee or tea in the morning

breakfast from 9-11

meat at 4-5

main meal is consumed in the evening around 7-9

meals are eaten using the hands, usually contains boiled rice or roti, and served family style

tiffin —> snack time

nutritional status in India

Asian Indian Americans met recommendations for grains and vegetables

fruits, dairy, meats, poultry, and fish were lacking in the diet

immigration patterns of Pakistanis

major settlements in New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles

major religion in Pakistan

Islam (98%)

attend services at the mosque

Hakims

traditional healers in Pakistan

Islami-Tibb

a humoral form of medicine used by Hakims in Pakistan

family structure in Pakistan

patriarchal

religion dominates family life

women usually remain in the home except for certain activities

if females are outside of the home, a male relative should accompany women

arranged marriages are common

traditional foods of Pakistan

Lamb Korma —> curried lamb dish with a nut and yogurt thickened sauce

Tamarind Chutney —> thick and flavorful sauce that accompanies curry dishes, eaten with samosa

Beef Kofta —> meatballs made from ground meats

Rayta —> yogurt side dish with vegetables and seasoning

Cholay —> curried chickpeas with chili peppers, onions, tomatoes, cumin, and turmeric

Naan —> oval-shaped wheat bread based in deep-jar clay oven or tandoori oven

Sajji —> spit-roasted chicken or lab, commonly prepared in southwestern Pakistan

meal composition and cycle in Pakistan

two meals per day —> lunch and dinner

lunch and dinner meals include meat, poultry, or fish

flat breads and teas are served with the meal

dessert follows the meal

nutritional status of Pakistanis

malnutrition has been noted in some regions of Pakistan where droughts limit food supply

overconsumption is more of a concern for Pakistanis living in urban areas and in Westernized nations

Pakistani men were found to have higher rates of diabetes than Asian Indian men