Studied by 4 peopleEmotions
combination of physiological and cognitive responses to thoughts/experiences.
They have several components which are neural responses, physiological factors, subjective feelings, emotional expressions, and the desire to take action.
discrete emotions theory
argues that emotions are innate and each emotion has a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions.
6 basic emotions
happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust.
Each emotion serves important survival and communication functions.
Basic emotions appear very early in life leading to support the idea that emotions may be partly ____.
innate
By the age of 7 months, initial signs of fear begin to appear as well as the ability to ____ fear in other faces.
recognize
seperation anxiety
feelings of distress children feel when they are seperately from those they are emotionally attached to, and this tends to appear around 8 months.
_____ is an adaptive emotion as it helps marshal self-defense mechanisms and can motivate to work towards goals.
anger
Causes of anger change as children develop a _________ of other's intentions and motives.
better understanding
Sadness is an _____ emotion because it draws in attention and support from a caregiver.
adaptive
Disgust has an ___________ as it helps humans avoid potential poisons/disease-causing bacteria.
evoluntionary basis
self-conscious emotions
emotions like guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of other's reactions to us.
Guilt is associated with specific behaviours, but feelings of _____ are associated with self-worth.
shame
The situations likely to induce self-conscious emotions in children vary across ____ along with the freuquency.
cultures
social referencing
use of a parent's or other adult's facial expression/vocal cues to decide how to deal with possibly threatening situations.
Children’s facility for reading other’s emotions can be determined by their _______ as those who grow up in environments with violence may develop heightened awareness to emotional cues of conflict.
environments
By age 5, children’s understanding of false emotion _______ considerably.
improves
display rules
social/cultural group’s informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions, as well as when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions.
Children experience a steep increase in their understanding and implementation of display rules in ___________.
middle childhood
Social factors affect children’s understanding of display rules as cultures have display rules that reflect __________ (different rules for males and females).
societal beliefs
emotional regulation
a set of conscious and unconscious processes used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions.
The emotional states of young infants are controlled by a process called ________
co-regulation
co-regulation
when a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction.
self-comforting behaviours
repetitive actions that soothe them by making mildly positive physical sensations (sucking fingers, rubbing hands).
self-distraction
looking away from the upsetting stimulus.
These changes are partly due to increasing ________ of neurological systems that are central to managing attention and inhibiting thought and behaviours, and because that is what adults expect them to do.
maturation
Younger children regulate emotional distress by using behavioural strategies, but older children use ________ and problem solving to adjust to emotionally difficult situations.
cognitive strategies
social competence
the ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while maintaining positive relationships with others.
Children who can stop inappropriate behaviours, delay gratification, and use cognitive methods of controlling their emotion and behaviour tend to be ________
well-adjusted
Children who are unable to successfully regulate their emotions are at a _________ of becoming victims of bullying compared with their peers.
higher risk
Parent’s expression of emotion provides children with a model of _________ to express emotion
when and how
emotional socialization
the process thorugh which children acquire the values standards, skills, knowledge and behaviours that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their culture
Culture plays a very significant role in influencing which _________ are encouraged or discouraged by parents
emotional expressions
Parents who invalidate and threaten their kids make their kids less _________ than parents who are emotionally supportive
emotionally and socially competent
emotion coaching
the use of discussion and other forms of instruction to teach children how to cope with and properly express emotions
children who recieve this tend to display better emotional understanding than children who do not
temperament
the individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts that are present from infancy.
Some infants are relatively mellow and others are quite emotional and they differ in their timidity, expression of emotions and ways they deal with emotions.
3 groups of infants
easy babies
difficult babies
slow-to-warm-up babies
easy babies
Readily adjusted to new stiuations and quickly established daily routines and are generally cheerful or easy to calm.
difficult babies
Slow to adjust to new experiences, react negatively and intensely to new events, irregular daily routines and bodily fucntions.
slow-to-warm-up babies
Somewhat difficult at first but became easier over time as they had repeated contact with new objects, people and situations.
Temperament in _______ predicted how children were doing years later.
infancy
5 key dimensions of temperament
fear, distress/anger, frustration, attention span, activity level, and smiling and laughter.
Parents may not always be ________ in their observations and they do not have enough knowledge of other children’s behaviour to use as basis, making parent’s reports of temperament not entirely reliable.
objective
Temperament is believed to have a strong basis in biology and genetics, but ____________ plays a role as well even from before birth (teratogens).
environment
Temperament is relatively _________ over time but it does change over time as genes switch on and off throughout development this impacts when and how temperament and behaviours that relate to it are expressed.
consistent
Temperament plays a role in development of children’s social and psychological development but it varies depending on the child’s _________ and how challenging the child is to the parent.
social environment
A large portion of the variance in three aspects of temperament (_) was explained in heritability.
effortful control, negative affectivity, and extraversion
goodness of fit
How well a child’s temperament matches the demands of a particular context
differential suspectibility
they have the same temperament characteristic that puts some at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to harsh environment but leads them to blossom when home environments are positive.
mental health
a sense of well-being internally (emotions and stress levels) and externally (relationships with family and peers).
The absence of safe and healthy environments or supportive and nurturing caregivers ________ the risk of development of stress and related mental health disorders (genetics play a role too).
increases
stress
a physiological reaction to some change or threat in the environment.
Periodic stress serves the beneficial function of ________ the child to take actions to handle the situation appropriately. However, stress can become quite problematic when children - and adults- experience it repeatedly.
mobilizing
toxic stress
the experience of overwhelming levels of stress without support from adults to help mitigate the effects.
adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
traumatic experiences such as abuse, neglect, violence exposure or death of a parent
linked to mental and physical health problems later in life.
Experiences of toxic stress in childhood may prime children to experience high levels of stress in adulthood as well which can lead to physical health problems like _______.
severe obesity
traumatic stress
sudden stress brought on by a sudden catastrophic event like hurricanes, or terrorist attacks.
Exposure to non-stressful environments and treatment can ______ some of the harmful effects of toxic stress and public health research is focused on preventing the circumstances in the first place.
reserve
mental disorders
developed with exposure to repeated or tramatic stress and they are chronic negative emotional reactions to aspects of the environment or social relationships that affect daily life.
categories of mental disorders
psychotic disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, and behaviour disorders.
internalizing mental health disorders
those that involve internal emotional states including depression and anxiety.
equifinality
the concept that various causes (genetic predisposition, chaotic home, traumatic event) can lead to the same mental disorder.
multifinality
the concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder (children who have been maltreated are more likely to develop depression or anxiety but not everyone does).
depression
a mental disorder that involves a sad or irritable mood along with physical and cognitive changes that negatively affect daily life.
rumination
the act of focusing on one’s own negative emotions and causes and consequences without trying to improve their situation and the more they do this, the more likely they are to be depression.
co-rumination
discussing emotional problems with another person extensively, and both these acts are more common for girls than boys.
Low levels of parental sensitivity, support, or acceptance have been linked with ______ levels of depressive symptoms in children.
higher
anxiety disorders
a set of mental disorders that involve the inability to regulate fear and worry.
Anxiety disorders are believed to involve _________ of areas of the brain associated with reaction to threat (amygdala, hippocampus brain structures, sympathetic nervous system).
overactivation
____________ has been found to be very effective in treating both depression and anxiety in children.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Children living in disadvantaged familie are ____ likely to receive services or treatment despite having a higher rate of diagnosed mental disorders than peers.
less
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