Strategies for Long-Term Memory Encoding and Retrieval

Long-Term Memory

Storage of information over extended periods.

Encoding

Transforming information into memory for storage.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repetition to keep information in working memory.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new knowledge to meaningful concepts.

Retrieval

Accessing information from LTM into WM or STM

Depth of Processing

Level of attention given to information's meaning.

Shallow Processing

Focusing on physical features and not the meaning leading to poor memory.

Deep Processing

Close attention to meaning, enhancing memory retention.

Self-Reference Effect

Relating information to oneself improves recall.

Generation Effect

Self-generating information enhances memory performance.

Survival Value

Need for survival drives memory

Example of Retrieval Practice

Testing improves memory retention over re-reading.

Testing Effect

Active recall (testing vs rereading) leads to better long-term retention.

Cued Recall

Using cues to aid memory retrieval effectively.

Free Recall

Recalling information without cues or hints.

Context-Dependent Memory

Better recall when retrieval context matches encoding.

State Dependent Learning

Memory retrieval is enhanced by matching moods.

Illusion of Learning

Familiarity does not equate to true understanding.

Visual Imagery

Creating mental images to enhance memory retention.

Active Learning

Engagement in learning leads to better retention.

Passive Learning

only rereading, leading to lower retention rates.

An example of a study tip

Read before class to enhance understanding.

Bransford and Johnson Study

Study where mental framework aided in memory encoding.

Godden and Baddeley Study

Study where contextual similarity improves recall performance.