Shoulder Region Kinematics and Kinesiology Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering osteokinematics, arthrokinematics, joint positions, anatomy, deformities, and clinical special tests of the shoulder region.

Osteokinematics

The study of motion of the bony shaft representing voluntary physiologic movements that are large in magnitude, such as flexion and abduction.

Arthrokinematics

The study of motion at the joint surfaces representing involuntary accessory movements that are small or minute in magnitude, such as roll, slide (glide), and spin.

Roll (Arthrokinematics)

An arthrokinematic joint movement where new points on one joint surface come into contact with new points on the opposing joint surface.

Slide (Glide)

An arthrokinematic joint movement where the same point on one joint surface contacts new points on the opposing joint surface.

Spin (Arthrokinematics)

An arthrokinematic joint movement where the same point on one joint surface continually contacts the same point on the opposing joint surface.

Open-Packed Position

The maximally loosed position of a joint characterized by minimal joint contact, serving as the primary position during passive joint mobilization (PJM).

Close-Packed Position

The maximally tensed position of a joint characterized by maximal joint contact and congruency, during which passive joint mobilization (PJM) cannot be performed.

Springy Block End-Feel

An abnormal end-feel described as a rebound or block at the end of range of motion, characteristic of a meniscal injury or internal joint mechanical displacement.

Sternal Angle of Louis

An anatomical landmark on the sternum located at the level of the $2\text{nd}$ rib or the $T4/T5$ intervertebral level.

Pectus Carinatum

Also known as pigeon chest; a chest deformity in which the sternum is displaced antero-inferiorly.

Pectus Excavatum

Also known as funnel chest; a chest deformity characterized by posterior displacement of the sternum due to overgrowth of the ribs.

Barrel Chest

A chest deformity characterized by an increased anteroposterior (AP) diameter with antero-superior sternal displacement, common in chronic bronchitis.

Murphy's Percussion Test

Also known as the test for costovertebral tenderness; a test where percussion at the costovertebral angle ($12\text{th}$ rib and vertebral column) produces back or flank pain, indicating renal or kidney dysfunction.

Humeral Neck-Shaft Angle

The anatomical angle formed between the neck and the shaft of the humerus, normally measuring $135^\circ$.

Sternoclavicular Joint Characteristics

A saddle joint with $3$ degrees of freedom, an open-packed position with arms at the side, a close-packed position at full elevation and protraction, and a capsular pattern of pain at extremes of range of motion.

Acromioclavicular Crossover Test

Also known as the Crossbody Test or Horizontal Adduction Test; the most sensitive gold standard test for AC joint pathology, positive when localized pain is produced at the AC joint.

Step Deformity

A visual anatomical deformity resulting from an AC joint dislocation where the distal end of the clavicle projects superiorly relative to the acromion process.

Sulcus Sign

A visual depression present below the acromion process indicative of glenohumeral subluxation (such as from deltoid paralysis following a stroke) or anterior SC joint dislocation.

Glenohumeral Joint Kinematics

An enarthrodial joint with $3$ degrees of freedom; its resting position is $55^\circ$ abduction and $30^\circ$ horizontal adduction, close-packed position is $90^\circ$ abduction with full ER, and capsular pattern is $\text{ER} > \text{Abd} > \text{IR}$.

Scapulohumeral Rhythm

The kinematic interaction between the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints during full arm elevation, maintaining an overall $2:1$ ratio.

Speed's Test

Also known as the Biceps or Straight-Arm Test; assesses bicipital paratenonitis/tendinosis or SLAP Type 2 lesions by resisting shoulder flexion first with elbow extended and forearm supinated, then pronated.

Yergason's Test

A special test evaluating the integrity of the transverse humeral ligament (THL) to retain the biceps tendon in the bicipital groove by resisting forearm supination and shoulder external rotation at $90^\circ$ elbow flexion.

Serratus Anterior Muscle

Known as the boxer's or saw muscle, innervated by the long thoracic nerve, serving as the primary scapular stabilizer; weakness results in medial scapular winging.

Trapezius Muscle

Known as the shawl muscle or monk's hood, innervated by the spinal accessory nerve ($\text{CN XI}$); upper fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and lower fibers depress the scapula; weakness causes lateral scapular winging.

Latissimus Dorsi Muscle

Known as the broadest or swimmer's muscle, innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve, responsible for extension, adduction, and internal rotation (EXADIR) of the humerus.

Empty Can Test (Jobe Test)

A clinical test for supraspinatus tendon tear or suprascapular nerve neuropathy where shoulder abduction is resisted at $90^\circ$ in the scapular plane with full internal rotation.

Drop Arm Test (Codman Test)

A test for full-thickness rotator cuff tears where a patient fails to slowly lower the passively abducted arm ($90^\circ$) due to loss of eccentric control.

Lateral Rotation Lag Sign

Also known as the Infraspinatus Spring Back Test; tests for infraspinatus and teres minor weakness when the patient's arm lags anteriorly after being passively placed at $90^\circ$ abduction and maximal ER.

Hornblower's Test

Also known as Patte's or Signe de Clairon Test; evaluates teres minor tear or massive rotator cuff tear by assessing the patient's ability to externally rotate against resistance at $90^\circ$ of scaption.

Gerber's Lift-Off Test

A physical exam maneuver for subscapularis muscle/tendon lesions performed by placing the back of the hand on the mid-lumbar spine and attempting to lift it posteriorly away from the body.

Abdominal Compression Test

Also known as the Belly Press or Napoleon Test; assesses subscapularis tears based on the patient's ability to exert internal rotation pressure against their abdomen without compensation.

Rotator Cuff Dynamic Stabilization

The dynamic stability function provided by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis to hold the humeral head tightly against the glenoid fossa during arm movement.