(9th Grade) World History Semester 1 Final 2025

City-State

A Self-governed city

The code of Hammurabi

List of laws

Polytheism

The belief in more than one god

Major Contribution made by the Assyrians?

The Library.

Reasons the Assyrians were successful at conquering people

Strong Iron armor, A well trained army, Iron weapons, and battering rams

What does Zoroastrianism teach the world is?

the world is a battleground for Good and Evil

How did Egyptian women gain greater status?

Giving Birth

Why was mummification important to the Egyptians?

They believed in an after life; and that to go to the afterlife you needed your body

Why did the Assyrian Empire decline and fall?

Their cruelty made them many enemies and they spread themselves too thin

According to Zoroaster, Human fate is controlled by _________________

Human choice; if you choose good or evil

What was the main purpose of the pyramids?

They served as tombs for Egyptian rulers

what did the Assyrians glorify?

Their military Strength

What was one of Nebuchadnezzar's greatest accomplishments?

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

what did the Hammurabi’s code establish?

Established a unified set of laws throughout the empire.

The ancient Egypt Vizier is the equivalent of what current British government position?

The Prime Minister

In what three ways were Egyptian priests supposed to please Egyptian gods?

Sacrifices,Spells,Prayers

What was the Largest social class in Ancient Egypt?

Peasants

Why was the Pharaoh’s first wife the most important?

Her first born son will be next in line for Pharaoh.

How did Assyrians prevent rebellions?

The forced captives into exile

In what three ways were Egyptian priests supposed to please Egyptian gods?

Their belief in an afterlife

What is a Dynasty?

A series of rulers from the same family

What two things did the Persians rely on to govern their empire?

They replied on satraps and tolerance to conquered people

Before a Mummy was wrapped, what was done to the body?

They would remove the organs, wash the body, and dry it out

What was the main job of the Spartan government?

To control the Helots

What happened to Spartan children at birth?

They were examined whether or not to be killed

What were some economic and political reforms Solon initiated?

He outlawed debt slavery, organized four social classes, gave the assembly more power, and encouraged overseas trade

What is Hubris

Excessive Pride

why did Sparta become a military state?

the had 10-20 Helots for every spartan

Helots

Enslaved people in ancient Sparta

What city-states fought in the Peloponnesian war?

Athens and Sparta

Which city-state won the Peloponnesian war?

Sparta

polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

During the Peloponnesian war, what did Sparta's allies hope the war would accomplish?

liberated from Athenian power and domination

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people.

What were Pericles' three goals for Athens?

Strengthen democracy, hold and strengthen empire, glorify Athens.

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

What was Plato's book the Republic about?

It was his vision of a perfectly governed society.

What is a Republic

A government in which citizens rule through elected representatives

Who were the plebeians?

The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population in Rome

What was the Pax Romana?

A time of peace and prosperity in Roman history

According to tradition,what two brothers founded Rome

Romulus and Remus

What group of people originally governed Rome

The Etruscans

Biggest problem Rome faced when choosing a new emperor

There was no easy way to transfer power

Who were the patricians?

The wealthy landowners in Rome who held most of the power

In the Roman Republic, when did a dictator hold office?

During times of extreme crisis, typically during a military emergency

What were some reasons for the decline of the Roman empire?

Corruption, the division of the empire, and invasion by Germanic tribes

Why were the Twelve Tables important?

Equal protection to all under the law

Who did Rome fight in the Punic Wars?

Carthage

Why was Julius Caesar assassinated?

Some politicians were afraid he had gained too much power and wanted to be king.

What was a negative side-effect of Rome developing a professional army?

The soldiers become more loyal to their Generals instead of the Roman government

Who were the consuls?

The two most powerful magistrates that were elected each year to run the city and lead the army

What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome?

It gave them control over the Western Mediterranean

What were some problems faced by the Roman Empire as it was collapsing?

Corruption, the division of the empire, and invasion by Germanic tribes

What did the peace and prosperity experienced in Rome during the Pax Romana depend on?

The peace and stability of Roman rule during this period and the expansion of a vast trading network

what Reforms were made by Constantine

Moved the capital to Byzantium which was later renamed Constantinople, shifted power from Rome to Constantinople, and moved the best officials and generals to serve in the East

Who was the Roman empire conquered by?

Germanic tribes

Triumvirate

In ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government.

(Maybe a repeat) What were some problems faced by Rome as the republic was collapsing?

they spread themselves to thin

What were some characteristics of Medieval towns?

They were small, crowded, and had poor sanitation,

What was trial by ordeal?

A physical test determine guilt or innocence

What were the main occupations of women in the Middle Ages?

Housewives and mothers

Why did the Byzantine emperor ask the pope for knights?

The empire was being threatened by the Muslims

Which battle did William the Conqueror defeat Harold II? (Will be given at Final)

The Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066

What was Charles the Great also known as?

Charlemagne

What duties did a lord have to his vassals?

They were supposed to [provide protection, both militarily and through the legal system, in exchange for the vassal's loyalty and service

Why did Feudalism emerge during the Middle Ages?

Governments in Europe were weak and could not protect the people.

What three things did vassals owe to their lords?

They owed military service, loyalty, and a form of financial payment

After the fall of Rome who was the main force of civilization in Europe?

The Christian church

At what battle was the Muslim invasion of Western Europe halted?

The Muslim invasion of Western Europe was halted at the Battle of Tours in 732

What was the Hanseatic League?

A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe

What were the results of the Crusades?

a short-term Christian victory

What was the central issue of the Hundred Years' War? (Given at Final)

Disputes over English territorial possessions in France and the legitimate succession to the French throne

Under Feudalism what was a Fief?

An area of land

Chivalry

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Why did trade increase during the 1,000's and the 1,100's

Roads were repaired, and the return of coin money

Why would people move to medieval towns?

for economic opportunities, seeking access to better trade networks, a wider variety of goods, and the chance to work as skilled artisans or merchants

Where did serfs in search of freedom go?

To become free Serfs could go to a town and if they lived in a town for one year and one day without being caught they would become free

What were some cures people tried for the Black Death?

Pigeons sucking the blood from the buboes, Applying hot onions to the buboes, and bleeding

In 1348, what things did people think might be causing the Black Death?

Comets, Earthquakes releasing gases, the planets lining up, or punishment from God

What were the symptoms of the Black Death?

Swollen lymph nodes in the groin, armpits, and neck. Fevers, chills, and sneezing. Headaches and muscle aches. Blackening of skin caused by tissue death; usually took five days for someone to die

What was the real cause of the Black Death?

Rats and Fleas

What are Serfs?

Peasants in medieval times who are legally bound to the land

What is Simony?

The buying and selling of church goods

What were some problems faced by the Catholic church during the Middle Ages?

Simony, priests getting married, and the kings would appoint bishops

What is a dowry?

A sum of money given by the wife's family to the husband upon marriage

Why was the Magna Carta an important document? (Given at Final)

It marks the beginning of democracy in Europe where certain rights were guaranteed to all people

Vernacular

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

What was the Great Schism in the Catholic Church? (Given at Final)

The Great Schism split the main faction of Christianity into two divisions, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox.

In the feudal system, what was a manor?

The lord's estate

What was the Hundred Years' war a result of? (Given at Final)

Disputes over English territorial possessions in France and the legitimate succession to the French throne

Castles tended to be ______________ to live in

Unpleasant

How long did Serfs have to live in a city to become free?

A year and a day

Why was warfare hard on peasants?

because attacking armies destroyed crops, seized animals, burned homes, killed men, women, and children

What is a tithe?

One-tenth of one's income which belongs to God and should be given to the church to support its ministries

The Holy Lands are associated with the life of___________

Jesus

Who was William the Conqueror? (Given at Final)

Duke of Normandy

What two things were noble women confined to?

Most noble women were confined to their home or convent

Who was Joan of Arc? (Given at Final)

A woman who voluntarily fought for France in the Hundred Years' War and inspired many to fight with her

What weapons were used by knights?

Swords, lances battle axes, longbows, crossbows, maces, and daggers