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Mayflower Compact

The first agreement for self–government in America, signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower in 1620.

William Bradford

The second governor of the Plymouth colony, serving from 1621–1657, known for developing private land ownership.

Pilgrims vs Puritans

Pilgrims were separatists who fled to America for religious freedom; Puritans sought to reform the Church of England.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Established in 1629 when King Charles granted the Puritans the right to settle and govern the Massachusetts area.

Cambridge Agreement

1629 agreement by Puritan stockholders to emigrate to New England with control over the government in exchange.

Puritan migration

Mass emigration of Puritans from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s, dramatically increasing the Massachusetts Bay colony's population.

Church of England

The national church founded by King Henry VIII, combining Roman Catholic and Protestant elements.

John Winthrop

First governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony from 1629 to 1649, known for his Puritan beliefs and opposition to total democracy.

Separatists vs Non-separatists

Separatists (Pilgrims) believed the Church of England could not be reformed; non-separatists (Puritans) aimed to purify it.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and supporting the separation of church and state.

Congregational Church

Founded by separatists who found the Church of England too Catholic; emphasized morality over strict dogma.

Puritan colonies vs other colonies

Puritan colonies experienced self-governance and limited voting to church members, contrasting with more diverse governance in other colonies.

Anne Hutchinson

Preached direct individual communication with God, leading to her banishment from Massachusetts and the founding of New Hampshire by her followers.

Roger Williams

Established Rhode Island in 1635 and was known for promoting complete religious freedom.

Covenant theology

Puritan teachings that emphasized biblical covenants between God and humanity.

Voting rights in 1631

Massachusetts limited voting to church members.

Half-way Covenant

Allowed children of church members who had not yet achieved grace to participate in some church matters.

Brattle Street Church

Founded in 1698, this church accepted members without proof of grace.

Thomas Hooker

Founding clergyman of Hartford, known as the 'father of American democracy' for advocating the choice of magistrates by the people.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in America, establishing a unified government for Connecticut towns.

Saybrook Platform

Organized Connecticut town churches into county associations for governance.

Massachusetts School Law

First public education legislation in America requiring towns of 50 families to hire a schoolmaster.

Harvard University

Founded in 1636 to align with Puritan beliefs and serve as a center of education.

New England Confederation

Formed in 1643 for defense against threats, acting also as a court among four colonies.

King Philip’s War

1675 conflict involving New Hampshire colonists and Wompanowogs led by King Philip, resulting in colonists' victory.

Dominion of New England

A British-formed province combining several colonies under a royal governor, ended in 1692 after colonist rebellion.

Sir Edmund Andros

Royal governor of the Dominion of New England until ousted by colonial rebellion.

Joint stock company

Business model where shareholders invest in ventures to share profits and debts.

Virginia colony: purpose & problems

Formed for profit, it faced starvation and financial troubles, leading to land ownership incentives for settlers.

Headright system

Grant of land to colonists in Virginia to attract labor; typically 50 acres for those bringing indentured servants.

John Smith

Helped govern Jamestown, ensuring its survival through strong leadership.

John Rolfe

Settler who introduced tobacco cultivation to Virginia, leading to its economic success.

Slavery's introduction

First African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619.

House of Burgesses

Established in 1619 as the first representative assembly in colonial America.

Cavaliers

Loyalists to King Charles II during the English Civil War.

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 uprising against Governor Berkley’s policies regarding Native American relations.

Culperer’s Rebellion

Rebellion in the Aplmarl colony led by Culperer against English govenor; crushed but Culperer acquitted.

Georgia colony’s reasons

Founded in 1733 as a buffer zone and social refuge for the poor and persecuted.

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia, advocated for a military-like discipline and banned slaves.

Carolinas' establishment

Land granted to pay off debts, introduced headrights and representative governance, split due to regional conflicts.

John Locke’s influence

Wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the Carolinas, promoting a feudal goverment.

Charleston

First permanent settlement in the Carolinas, named after King Charles II.

Staple crops in the South

Tobacco in VA/MD/NC, rice in SC/GA, and indigo in SC.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a sanctuary for Quakers and for religious freedom.

Liberal land laws in Pennsylvania

Encouraged immigration for religious refuge.

Holy experiment

Penn’s vision for a government in Pennsylvania that serves all people.

Frame of government

The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties established representative government.

New York transfer from Dutch to English

In 1664, Duke of York received New York from King Charles II after a swift surrender by Dutch Governor.

Patron system

Colonization system requiring settlements of 50 people within four years.

Peter Stuyvesant

Unpopular Dutch governor of New Amsterdam, surrendered to English forces in 1664.

Five Nations

The Iroqois Confederacy; powerful Native American group with effective organization.

Crops of the Middle Colonies

Notable for staple crops such as grains and corn.

Urban centers: New York and Philadelphia

Key commercial hubs due to geography and harbor access.

Leisler’s Rebellion

1689 uprising in New York aligning with the Glorious Revolution, with significant political consequences.

Benjamin Franklin

Founding Father, inventor, and statesman, emphasized enlightenment ideals in America.

John Bartram

First American botanist known for collecting plant specimens across the frontier.

Founding churches in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Rhode Island

Each supported religious rights for persecuted groups, providing safe havens.

Great Awakening

1739–1744 religious revival that significantly affected the colonies, promoting unity.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the Great Awakening known for evocative sermons on sin.

George Whitefield

Key figure in the Great Awakening with an impactful preaching style.

William Tennant

Presbyterian minister relevant to the Great Awakening, founded a college for minister training.

Old Lights and New Lights

Divisions within churches during the Great Awakening, with New Lights favoring revivalism.

Lord Baltimore

Founder of Maryland, promoted religious freedom for Christians.

Maryland Act of Toleration

1649 legislation granting religious freedom to Christians, aimed at protecting Catholic rights.

Deism

Enlightenment religious belief emphasizing natural law and reason over divine revelation.

Huguenots

French Protestants who fled persecution, significantly impacting American religious diversity.

SPG – Society for the Propagation of the Gospel

A missionary group founded in the 1800s to spread Christianity abroad.

Mercantilism

Economic policy emphasizing trade regulation and colonial wealth for national strength.

Navigation Acts

Regulations ensuring only British ships could engage in colonial trade.

Admiralty courts

British courts that tried colonial smuggling cases without juries.

Triangular Trade

Transatlantic trading system connecting New England, Africa, and the Caribbean.

Merchants and markets

Colonial merchants filled market needs by trading goods locally and internationally.

Consignment system

Sales arrangement where one company sells another’s goods and shares profits.

Molasses Act, 1733

Tax on imports of sugar and molasses from non-British sources, largely ignored by colonists.

Woolens Act, 1699

Prohibition on exporting wool from colonies.

Hat Act, 1732

Prohibition on exporting colonial-made hats.

Iron Act, 1750

Restriction on establishing new iron production facilities in colonies.

Currency Act, 1751

Attempt to prohibit paper money production in Massachusetts.

Currency Act, 1764

Wider ban on paper money production across all colonies.

Salem witch trials

Trials resulting in the execution of 18 accused witches, widely criticized post-event.

Primogeniture and entail

British laws dictating inheritance, favoring the eldest son and family bloodlines.

Quitrents

Nominal taxes collected on behalf of colonial proprietors or the crown.

Indentured servants

Laborers under contract to work for a set time in exchange for passage to America.

Poor Richard’s Almanack

Benjamin Franklin’s popular publication, offering practical advice and wisdom.

Phillis Wheatly

African American poet known for her elaborate poetry and literary contributions.

Ann Bradstreet

First published female poet in colonial America, focusing on family and faith.

Magna Carta

1215 document limiting royal power and influencing later constitutional developments.

Petition of Right

1628 document expanding Parliamentary powers and curtailing royal abuses.

Habeas Corpus Act

1679 act imposing strict penalties for legal non-compliance regarding prisoner rights.

Bill of Rights, 1689

Outlined rights of British citizens and limited royal authority.

Board of Trade

Advisory group regulating colonial trade during the 1600s and 1700s.

Robert Walpole

Early Prime Minister focused on American trade rather than taxes.

Salutary Neglect

Policy promoting colonial autonomy and healthy trade without heavy taxation.

The Enlightenment

Philosophical movement emphasizing reason, ethics, and natural law over tradition.

Theories of representation

Distinguishing between actual and virtual representation in government.

Rise of the Lower House

Increased power of the lower house in colonial legislatures based on popular representation.

Proprietary, charter, and royal colonies

Different types of colonies with varying degrees of control and governance.

Colonial agents

Representatives sent to England from colonies to maintain communication.

Town meetings

Democratic local governance commonly practiced in New England colonies.

John Peter Zenger trial

Important trial establishing early freedom of the press in America.