Bio Ch. 4 (From textbook)

nucleoplasm

a jellylike liquid that fills the nucleus; sometimes called nuclear sap or nuclear matrix

nuclear envelope

a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

phospholipid bilayer

double layer of phospholipid molecules that makes up a plasma membrane, A two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward.

cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

cytoskeleton

the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division

microfilaments

Long threads of the beadlike protein actin and are linked end to end and wrapped around each other like two strands of a rope.

flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

centrioles

consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are situated in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope

intermediate filaments

rods that anchor the nucleus and some other organelles to their places in the cell

sterols

lipids between the tails of phospholipids of eukaryotes, cholesterol

chromosomes

Rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins.

fluid mosaic model

structural model of the plasma membrane, where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer

nuclear pores

tiny, protein-lined holes that cover the surface of the nuclear envelope

cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

Robert Hooke

English scientist that cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells.

Anton Leeuwenhoek

Using his light microscope in the 1600s to look at drops of pond water,he discovered animalcules, meaning "little animals" now called protist

nucleus

membrane-bound organelle that holds DNA

cell theory

1. all living things are copmosed of one or more cells; 2. cells are the basic units of structure and function; 3. cells only come from pre-existing cells

prokaryote

organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

plasma membrane

cell's outer boundary

eukaryote

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

organelles

subcellular structures; well-defined, intracellular structures that perform specific functions for the cell

cell membrane, the cytoplasm, nucleus

3 basic parts of a eukaryotic cell

Plasma Membrane

the cell's outer boundary

Cytoplasm

region of the cell that is within the plasma membrane and that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus

Organelles

well-defined, intracellular bodies that perform specific functions for the cell

Ribosomes

organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

Mitochondria

tiny organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to adenosine triphosphate

golgi apparatus

a system of flattened membranous sacs that receives proteins from the ER, packages them, and sends them out to other parts of the cell

Lysosome

vesicles that bud from the Golgi apparatus and that contain digestive enzymes that break down food into smaller parts and break down old cell parts for recycling

Cell Wall

rigid layer that lies outside the cell's plasma membrane; made mostly of cellulose

Central Vacuole

large, fluid-filled organelle that stores not only water but also enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials; and provides structure/support in plant cells

cytosol

gel-like fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus; sometimes called hyaloplasm, cell sap, or cell matrix

endoplasmic reticulum

system of membranous tubes and sacs that carries proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another

chloroplasts

capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food in a plant cell only

Structure of the Nucleus

Structure of Cell Membrane

Structure of Cytoplasm

Structure of Rough ER

Structure of Smooth ER

Structure of the Mitochondria

Structure of Ribosomes

Structure of Lysosomes

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

Structure of Cytoskeleton

Vacuole

Structure of Cell Wall

Structure of Chloroplast

Cell Membrane

Made of phospholipid bilayer

Function of Cell Membrane

Controls what enters and exits the cell, protects and supports cell, and helps cells communicate with other cells

Rough ER

Has ribosomes attached

Smooth ER

No ribosomes attached

Nucleolus

Where ribosomes are assembled

Function of Nucleus

Directs all the cells activities; contains the cells DNA

Function of Ribosomes

Site of protien synthesis

Function of Lysosome

Breaking down organelles that are no longer useful, removing "junk" so it doesn't clutter the cell; clean up crew

Function of Golgi Apparatus

Modify, sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for starage in the cell or secretion outside the cell

Function of Cytoskeleton

Helps cell maintain shape and helps the cell move

Microtubules

Part of the cytoskeleton that helps with cell division and builds flagella and cilia

Function of Vacuole

Stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbs; helps plants support heavy structures like leaves

thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

cellulose cell wall, plastids, central vacuole

three unique features of plant cells

integral proteins

specific proteins embedded within the lipid bilayer; play important roles in actively transporting molecules into the cell

peripheral proteins

lie on only one side of the membrane and are not embedded in it

receptor proteins

recognizes and binds to substances outside the cell

chylorophyll

A GREEN pigment that absorbs sunlight energy

plastids

organelles in plant cells that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA

peroxisomes

contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide (a toxic by-product of fatty acid metabolism)