pregnancy

where is lead found

old paint, old plumbing

what can happen because of lead exposure

lower IQ and developmental problems.

what is mercury similar to

neurological toxicity similar to lead

what is found in florida water

high mercury fish

what is the limit for eating fish

1-2 fish a week

species to avoid for fish

tuna, swordfish, marlin, grouper, and tarpon

what fish should be consumed

small sized, short lived because they accumulate fewer toxins

species of fish that can be consumed

sardines, herring, anchovies, mackerel, trout, tilapia.

recommended exercise during pregnancy

elliptical machines, stair master, stationary bikes, power walks

Normal BMI weight gain

25-30 pounds

overweight and obese moms

should not gain weight

maternal adipose tissue

about 7 lbs

uterus and breast enlargement

about 4 lbs

blood volume expansion

about 3-4 lbs

fetus

about 7 lbs

placenta and amniotic fluid

about 8 lbs

what causes morning sickness

hormonal shift especially hcg and it is worse in the first trimester

what happens when the mothers blood volume increases

blood pressure can also increase

gestational diabetes

sudden and massive weight gain and insulin resistance

what causes feet edema

renal strain and fluid retention

what is involved in pre-eclampsia

high blood pressure, protein in urine, and fluid retention

what can lower the chances of developing preeclampsia

adequate intake of clacium >1,000mg a day, healthy level of vit D, plant rich diet, limit sodium intake

eclampsia

worst case scenario can lead to seizures, organ failure, and death

what can happen during eclampsia

termination of pregnancy for mothers life

during the first trimester

embryo is still small and does not require extra calories, or large building blocks.

first trimester MACRO nutrient is unchanged, but MICRO nutrient is skyrocketed.

why does micronutrient needs skyrocket

early development depends on availability of vitamins and minerals for cell division, organ formation, and DNA synthesis

folic acid

prevents neural tube defects

iron

supports increased blood production

vitamin B6

may reduce morning sickness

iodine

essential for fetal brain development

what happens in the second trimester

embryo has developed into a fetus adn begins to grow rapidly

when does the increase of calories and proteins occur

in the second trimester

what is the recommended caloric increase in the second trimester

+350 Kcal/ day

what micronutrients remain critical in the second trimester

calcium, magnesium, vit D, omega-3 fatty acid

when is the fetus fully developed and becomes a baby

the third trimester

what develops advancally in the third trimester

brain, lungs, and the immune system

what is the recommended caloric intake in the third trimester

+500 kcal/ day

neonate diet

lacto-vegetarian, surviving on breastmilk or formula

what is produced in the first few weeks

colostrum

colostrum is lower in fat but

high in protein

what does colostrum contain

antibodies and lysozyme to fight infections

what does colostrum supply

live immune cells from the mother

what does colostrum deliver

beneficial bacteria like (lactobacillus bifidus)

what does colostrum stimulate

the newborn’s gut microbiome formation

bifido factor

growth promoting bacteria

when does the mother begin to produce regular breast milk

after the first week

what is the neonates metabolic rate

extremely high metabolic rate, about twice the calorie demand per body weight

how frequent does a newborn feed

every 2-3 hours , small volume with high nutrient density

why cant a baby have anything but breastmilk/ formula

kidneys and gut of a newborn are immature and cannot safely process other substances

who should not breastfeed

HIV pts, tuberculosis pts, chemotherapy pts, drug users

when can infant transition to solid foods like purees, paste, mashed textures

4-6 months

cows milk

should be avoided until at least 12 months

why should cows milk be avoided

contains too much protein, amino acid ratio is not optimized for human growth, lacks key nutrients like iron and essential fatty acids

why is honey off limits under a year of age

botulism risk, toxic floral components

when can babies be introduced to more adult foods

12 months

when to introduce potential allergens to build long term immune tolerance

12 months

delaying allergenic foods

may increase the risk of food allergies later in life

food monomania

when toddles fixate on a specific food item and refuse to eat anything else

growth spurts

has a major impact on diets, when a child is not in a growth spurt appetite may decrease

what is an embryo

developing ball of cells

starting with a normal BMI, how much weight should a mother gain during pregnancy

about 30 lbs

the word neonate reffers to which period of life

the first month of life

what is the nitrogen balance in pregnancy

positive

what is the zygote

the first diploid cell