Sửa lỗi sai

Reading 20.3, 20.4

Sales increased in the early 1940s, when World War II gave a boost to the frozen food industry because tin was being used for munitions. Canned foods were rationed to save tin for the war effort, while frozen foods were abundant and cheap.

→ Frozen food became popular bc of a shortage of…?

tin

Corals are composed of tiny animals, known as polyps, with tentacles for capturing small marine creatures in the sea water.

Corals have a number of …. that they use to collect food

tentacles

Unfortunately, these majestic sights are now under very serious threat, with the most immediate problem coming in the form of thermal stress. Rising ocean temperatures are triggering bleaching events that strip reefs of their colour and eventually kill them.

Increasing the sea can remove the… of coral

colour

Later this century, however, their more advanced successors may relate to their surroundings, and to people, as adeptly as we do. Moral questions then arise. … Should we feel guilty about exploiting [sophisticated robots]? Should we fret if they are underemployed, frustrated, or bored?’

We may have to start wondering whether we are treating robots…

fairly

The ideas in high-quality science fiction may prove to be just as accurate as those found in the work of mediocre scientists.

= I sometimes advise students that it’s better to read first-rate science fiction than second-rate science, more stimulating, and perhaps no more likely to be wrong

mediocre (tầm thường)

high-quality science fiction = first-rate science fiction

as accurate as =no more likely to be wrong

perhaps =may

the work of mediocre scientists.= second-rate science

Rees : colonised planets ‘should be preserved with a status that is analogous (tương tự) to Antarctica here on Earth.’)

Richardson: ‘I think whether we do something on Earth or on Mars we should always do it in the spirit of a genuine interest in “the Other”, not to impose a particular model, but to meet “the Other”

They express SIMILAR or DIFFERENT views regarding the ethical aspect of changes made tôther planets for our own benefits

similar

Wolpert’s response was to say that we have already seen the damaging effects of artificial intelligence in the form of computer viruses. ‘But in this case,’ he says, ‘the real intelligence is the malicious designer. Critically, the benefits of computers outweigh the damage that computer viruses cause. Similarly, while there may be misuses of robotics in the near future, the benefits that they will bring are likely to outweigh these negative aspects.

Richardson’s response to this question was this: ‘We need to ask why fears of artificial intelligence and robots persist; none have in fact risen up and challenged

human supremacy.’ She believes that as robots have never shown themselves to be a threat to humans, it seems unlikely that they ever will. In fact, she went on, ‘Not all fear [robots]; many people welcome machine intelligence.’

Wolpert DISAGREE OR AGREE with Richardson on the question of the harm already done by artificial intelligence.

disagree

look forward to something

welcome

This led on to the third question, ‘Should we be scared by advances in artificial intelligence?’ To this question, Rees replied, ‘Those who should be worried are the futurologists who believe in the so-called “singularity”.** … And another worry is that we are increasingly dependent on computer networks, and that these could behave like a single “brain” with a mind of its own, and with goals that may be contrary to human welfare. I think we should ensure that robots remain as no more than “idiot savants” lacking the capacity to outwit us, even though they may greatly surpass us in the ability to calculate and process information.’

What potential advance does Rees see as a cause for concern?

A   robots outnumbering people

B   robots having abilities which humans do not

C   artificial intelligence developing independent thought

D   artificial intelligence taking over every aspect of our lives

C

The elevation work was carried out as part of Miami Beach’s ambitious but much-needed stormwater-management programme. In addition to the road adaptations, the city has set up new pumps that can remove up to 75,000 litres of water per minute.

The stormwater-management programme in Miami Beach has involved the installation of efficient….?

pumps

Once the water has drained away […] Meanwhile, the remainder of the solid matter in the peat starts to move downwards, in a process known as subsidence so this is one of the most alarming consequences of peatland clearances […] , so within half a century, very large landscapes on Sumatra and Borneo will become flooded […] ’It’s a huge catastrophe that’s in preparation. Some provinces will lose 40 percent of their landmass.’

Draining peatlands leads to ____:  a serious problem which can eventually result in coastal flooding and land loss.

subsidence

Etiquette-sensitive artificial translators could relieve people of the need to know these differing cultural norms. At the same time, they might help to preserve local customs, slowing the spread of habits associated with international English, such as its readiness to get on first-name terms

Users may be able to maintain their local customs as systems do not need to conform to standard practices? yes or no

yes

amateur butterfly watchers.

butterfly enthusiasts - people who spend their free time observing the activities of different species.

Supplies of natural resources were probably relatively plentiful.

With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups had to compete against each other for resources or had any need to develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or to go to war.

Wrong: Animal research has failed to reveal a link between changes in the environment and the emergence of aggressive tendencies.

factors. Research has shown repeatedly that when the natural habitats of primates such as apes and gorillas are disrupted, they tend to become more violent and hierarchical.

Field and Wroe argue that findings at the Cuddie Springs site show that people lived in this area at the same time as megafauna. (không phải 2 ng này argue với nhau mà là tranh cãi/ có quan điểm rằng)

Drs Judith Field and Stephen Wroe of the University of Sydney, who excavated the site, claim that it provides unequivocal evidence of a long overlap of humans and megafauna, and conclude that aridity leading up to the last Ice Age brought about their eventual demise.

Tiến sĩ Judith Field và Stephen Wroe thuộc Đại học Sydney, những người đã khai quật địa điểm này, khẳng định rằng nó cung cấp bằng chứng không thể chối cãi về sự cùng tồn tại lâu dài giữa con người và các loài động vật khổng lồ, và kết luận rằng tình trạng khô hạn trước Kỷ Băng hà cuối cùng đã dẫn đến sự tuyệt chủng của chúng.

The writers believe that the dating of earth (xác định niên đại của trái đất) up to 1.7m below the present surface at Cuddie Springs is unreliable.

There is no disputing the close association of bones and stones at Cuddie Springs, as both are found 1 to 1.7 metres below the modern surface.

Further evidence against human occupation of the area is the absence of tools and A. seedsG. fossil bones a short distance away.

Also interest is the fact that a deep drill core made a mere 60 metres from the site recovered no stone artefact or fossil bones whatsoever.

Individual merchants and sea captains with their own ships raced to bring home the tea and make the most money, using fast new clippers which had sleek lines, tall masts and huge sails.

In order to compete in shipping speed, traders used … for the race.

clippers

In the media, it is usually large, charismatic animals such as pandas, elephants, tigers and whales that get all the attention when a loss of biodiversity is discussed.

The press often focuses more on animals that are well-known.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

TRUE

CITES is playing its part by controlling trade in wood from endangered tree species. In the same way, sustainable farming techniques that minimise environmental damage and avoid monoculture.

Agriculture experts advise farmers to plant single crops in the field in terms of sustainable farming.

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

Action at a national level often means investing in public education and awareness.

. However, the operation is needed for the government to increase its financial support in …

public education

give someone some understanding of something

give our computers and phones some understanding of the limits of human attention and memoryz

Fulton ran steamboat trials on the River Seine, in an attempt to attract French support for his submarine Nautilus.

• In France, Fulton used a steamboat to try to raise interest in a  

submarine (support = raise interest in a )

Flynn believes that the demands of visuo-spatial abilities have grown because of TV, computers, and cars, and also that. In societies where intelligence has become something people focus on excessively abstract problem-solving skills develop faster than other skills.
A. Modern technology has influenced some aspects of human intelligence.
yes or no

yes TV, computers, and cars, and also that. = Modern technology

He also points out that if just one mind grasps a new concept, such as Einstein and the theory of relativity, it may then be easier for society in general to think in a more complex way

→ Exceptional individuals can have an impact on collective intelligence.

yes or no

yes. dạng: cho ví dụ thay vì paraphrase

In the third paragraph, what problem with teaching architecture on art courses does the writer note?
A.    Technology-based courses are unavailable.
B.    Students cannot always construct their designs.
C.    The curriculum is too traditional.
D.    Students lack motivation.

Although the technology and expertise required of modern architecture can prohibit students from actually realizing their designs, traditional architectural materials and methods remain quite accessible to the art classroom.

B

Behind our main high school building there was a one-room adobe structure which was once used for teaching. Now it served as a place where old furniture could be kept.

The students in Zuni chose to renovate an old building which was being used for

students/ teaching/storage

storage

Further, when students participate in the construction or preservation of a traditional earthen structure in their local community, they engage in a form of experiential learning and they are motivated to invest in the project. This is evident in a case study of an adobe* conservation project with middle school students in the town of Zuni, New Mexico, in the Southwestern United States.

Earthen structures can easily be built in all regions of the U.S.

yes no ng

ng

remains unchallenged.

chưa bị phản bác