CH. 14 | Principles of Disease & Epidemiology

14 - 1 Define pathology, etiology, infection, and disease.

What are the objectives of pathology?

14 - 2 Describe how the human microbiome is acquired.

How do normal microbiota differ from transient microbiota?

14 - 3 Compare commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism, and give an example of each.

Give several examples of microbial antagonism.

14 - 4 Contrast normal microbiota and transient microbiota with opportunistic microorganisms.

How can opportunistic pathogens cause infections?

14 - 5 List Koch’s postulates.

Explain some exceptions to Koch’s postulates.

14 - 7 Categorize diseases according to severity.

List 2 examples of acute and chronic diseases.

14 - 9 Define herd immunity.

How does herd immunity develop?

14 - 10 Identify 4 predisposing factors for disease.

What is a predisposing factor?

14 - 11 Put the following in proper sequence according to the pattern of disease: period of decline, period of convalescence, period of illness, prodromal period, incubation period.

The incubation period for a cold is 3 days, and the period of disease is usually 5 days. If the person next to you has a cold, when will you know whether you contracted it?

14 - 12 Define reservoir of infection.

Why are carriers important reservoirs of infection?

14 - 13 Contrast human, animal, and nonliving reservoirs, and give one example of each.

How are zoonoses transmitted to humans?

14 - 14 Explain 3 methods of disease transmission.

Give an example of contact transmission, vehicle transmission, mechanical transmission, and biological transmission.

14 - 15 Define healthcare-associated infections and explain their importance.

What interacting factors result in healthcare-associated infections?

14 - 16 Define compromised host.

What is a compromised host?

14 - 17 List several methods of disease transmission in hospitals.

14 - 18 Explain how healthcare-associated infections can be prevented.

How are HAIs infections primarily transmitted, and how can they be prevented?

14 - 19 List several probable reasons for emerging infectious diseases, and name one example for each reason.

Give several examples of emerging infectious diseases.

14 - 20 Define epidemiology, and describe 3 types of epidemiologic investigations.

After learning that 40 hospital employees developed nausea and vomiting, the hospital infection control officer determined that 39 ill people ate green beans in the hospital cafeteria, compared to 34 healthy people who ate in the cafeteria the same day but did not eat green beans in the hospital cafeteria. What type of epidemiology is this?

14 - 21 Identify the function of the CDC.

What is the CDC’s function?

14 - 22 Define the following terms: morbidity, mortality, and notifiable infectious diseases.

In 2012, the morbidity of West Nile encephalitis was 5,674, and the mortality was 286. The morbidity of listeriosis was 121; the mortality was 13. Which disease is more likely to be fatal?