C1 States of Matter, Experimental Design, Titrations, and Separation Techniques

Vocabulary flashcards covering particle theory, states of matter, diffusion, laboratory apparatus, experimental design, titrations, chromatography, and separation methods based on the lecture notes.

Solid

A state of matter where particles are very close together in a regular arrangement, vibrating in fixed positions, with low kinetic energy, and maintaining a fixed shape and volume.

Liquid

A state of matter where particles are close together in a random arrangement, moving around each other, with fixed volume but no fixed shape, and having more kinetic energy than solids.

Gas

A state of matter where particles are far apart in a random arrangement, moving freely and quickly in all directions, with high kinetic energy, and having no fixed shape or volume.

Melting

The change of state from a solid to a liquid.

Freezing

The change of state from a liquid to a solid.

Boiling

The change of state from a liquid to a gas.

Evaporation

The change of state from a liquid to a gas that occurs specifically at the surface.

Condensation

The change of state from a gas to a liquid.

Melting/Freezing Point of Water

The temperature at which water melts or freezes, which is $0^\text{C}$.

Boiling Point of Water

The temperature at which water boils at normal pressure, which is $100^\text{C}$.

Diffusion

The movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration caused by random particle movement.

Volumetric Pipette

An apparatus used to measure an accurate fixed volume of liquid.

Burette

An apparatus used to measure an accurate variable volume of liquid.

Gas Syringe

An apparatus used to measure the volume of a gas.

Solute

A substance being dissolved in a liquid.

Solvent

A substance that dissolves the solute.

Solution

A mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent.

Saturated Solution

A solution containing the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature.

Residue

The substance left behind after a separation process.

Filtrate

The liquid that passes through filter paper.

Independent Variable

The variable that is deliberately changed in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment.

Control Variables

The variables that are kept the same in an experiment to ensure a fair test.

Titration

A technique used to find the volume of one solution needed to react completely with another.

End-Point

The stage in a titration shown by the indicator's colour change.

Neutralization

A reaction between an acid and an alkali producing salt and water, represented as $\text{Acid} + \text{alkali} \rightarrow \text{salt} + \text{water}$.

Chromatography

A technique used to separate and identify substances in a mixture.

Locating Agent

A substance used to detect colourless substances on a chromatogram.

$R_f$ Value

A ratio calculated as $\text{distance travelled by substance} \times (\text{distance travelled by solvent})^{-1}$ or $\frac{\text{distance travelled by substance}}{\text{distance travelled by solvent}}$.

Filtration

A separation method used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.

Crystallization

A separation method used to obtain a soluble solid from a solution.

Simple Distillation

A separation method used to separate a liquid from a solution containing a dissolved solid.

Fractional Distillation

A separation method used to separate two or more miscible liquids with different boiling points.

Suitable Solvent

A solvent that can dissolve the specific target substance you want to separate while leaving other substances undissolved.