LES 1-3 POLITICS

Human Evolution

The 6-million-year journey of gradual change that led from ancient, apelike ancestors to modern humans.

Fossils and Science

Physical and behavioral traits shared by all humans prove this shared history.

Homo Habilis

The Tool Maker: They were the first of our genus to master making and using stone tools.

Homo Erectus

The Walker: Famous for bipedalism, meaning they walked completely upright on two legs just like we do.

Homo Sapiens

Modern Humans: This is us! We are defined by our large brains, complex language, advanced reasoning, and creativity.

Homo Neanderthalensis

The Survivor: Heavy-bodied and strong, they adapted to survive the freezing ice ages in Europe and Asia.

Bipedalism

Ability to walk upright on two legs as the main way of moving.

A Large Brain

One of the most important characteristics of human evolution is the development of a large brain.

Civilization

Large and organized society where people live together with a system of government, laws, culture, technology, and economy.

Hunting and Gathering Society

Earliest type of human society, where people survived by hunting wild animals, catching fish, and gathering edible plants.

Pastoral Societies

Grow crops using simple tools instead of depending only on hunting and gathering.

Horticultural Societies

People practiced small-scale farming and usually grew fruits, vegetables, and grains near their homes.

Industrial Societies

A society where machines, factories, and advanced technology are used to produce goods on a large scale.

Post-industrial Societies

A society where the service industry, information, knowledge, and technology become more important than manufacturing goods.

Fun Fact about Homo Habilis

Their tools helped them cut meat and crack open bones for food!

Fun Fact about Homo Erectus

They were great long-distance runners and were likely the first to control fire and travel out of Africa.

Fun Fact about Homo Neanderthalensis

They had complex behaviors—they wore clothes, lived in shelters, and even buried their dead.

Evolving Terrestriality

Refers to the evolutionary process by

which early human ancestors became

better adapted to living on land (the

ground) rather than spending most of

their time in trees.

Etymology of culture

Explains where the word culture came from and how its meaning changed over time.

Society

A group of people who live together and follow common rules, traditions, and ways of life.

Culture

The things that make a group of people unique, such as how they live, celebrate, communicate, and what they believe in.

Enculturation

Acquired through cultural understanding, experience and observation through the process of enculturation.

Republic Act No. 7356

National Commission for Culture and the Arts.

Culture (NCCA Law)

Culture is the freedom of people to express their beliefs, ideas, traditions, and way of life. Everyone's culture should be respected and allowed to grow.

Material culture

Physical or tangible objects that people create and use in their daily lives.

Non-material culture

Ideas, beliefs, values, traditions, and behaviors that cannot be seen or touched but influence how people live.

Swastika

Sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, and other religions as the swastika symbol came from original Sanskrit 'svastika' meaning good fortune or well-being.

Women's political participation

Women's suffrage (the right of women to vote) was adopted in the Philippines in 1937.

Saudi Arabia women's rights

Saudi Arabia granted women the right to vote and run for office in municipal elections in 2015. However, women were allowed to drive beginning in 2018.

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to judge another culture based on the standards and beliefs of your own culture.

Cultural Chauvinism

Strong belief that one's own culture, ethnic group, or nation is superior to others.

Cultural relativism

Idea that every culture should be understood based on its own beliefs, values, and traditions—not judged by another culture's standards.

BEFORE THE BIRTH OF

MODEN SOCIAL SCIENCE

THE STUDY OF SOCIETY CULTURE AND POLITICS WERE BASED ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY

• DISTINCT FROM SCIENCE

• ANALYTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATURE TRUTH

• ASKS THE QUESTION

• A.) WHAT IS THE NATURE OF TRUTH?

• B.) HOW SO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW?

SCIENCES

• BASED ON EMPIRICAL DATA, TESTED THEORIES AND CAREFULLY CONTRIVED OBSERVATIONS

• DOES NOT ASK ABOUT THE TRUTH

SUBJECTS

• SOCIAL ACTORS OR AGENTS WHO HAVE THE CAPACITY TO UNDERSTAND AND RESHAPE THEIR WORLD TOO.

OBJECTS

• MATTERS THAT ARE MERELY ACTED UPON

WHO IS BEHIND THE PEDAGOGY OF THE OPPRESSED

PAULO FREIRE (2005)

PEDAGOGY OF THE OPRESSED

• Teacher student co-intent on reality. Coming to know it critically. But in the task of re-creating that knowledge.

MODELS OF PEDAGOGY

• Transformative

• Generative

• Transmission

TRANSFORMATIVE

• Students reflect on

  their experiences, develop

  new perspectives, and use

  what they learn to make

  positive changes

GENERATIVE

• learning that encourages

  students to create,

  produce, or generate new

  ideas, solutions, or

  products using what they

  have learned

TRANSMISSION

• learning where the teacher

  passes knowledge directly to students.

SEX

• PERSON’S BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• MALE OR FEMALE

GENDER

• Gender refers to the social

  and cultural roles, behaviors,

  and identities associated with

  being a man, woman, or

  another gender

TYPES OF SOCIAL CLASS

• Rich

• Middle Class

• Poor

BEHAVIORAL EXCEPTIONALITY

• Refers to

students whose behavior or emotions

significantly affect their learning or social

interactions.

• Examples: Attention difficulties, emotional or

behavioral disorders.Categorization

INTELLECTUAL EXCEPTIONALITY

• Refers

to students with significantly above-

average or below-average

intellectual abilities that affect

learning.

• Examples: Intellectual disability,

giftedness

COMMUNICATIVE EXCEPTIONALITY

• Refers

to students who have difficulty with

speech, language, hearing, or

communication.

• Examples: Speech disorders, language

disorders, hearing impairment

PHYSICAL EXCEPTIONALITY

• Refers to

  students with physical, sensory, or health

  conditions that may affect mobility, daily

  activities, or learning.

• Examples: Visual impairment, orthopedic

  impairments, cerebral palsy, chronic health

  conditions

ETHNICITY

• Culture, Ancestry, Language and traditions.

• Can have one or more ethnic identities

• Ex.) Caviteno

NATIONALITY

• Citizenship or legal membership

• One nationality. Dual is possible.

• Ex.) English Afam