Plantae kingdom -- grade 11 bio

Kingdom plantae characteristics

Multicellular, eukaryotic; chlorophyll; cell walls containing cellulose; alteration of generations; not motile

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants: mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Mosses phylum

Bryophyta

Liverworts phylum

Hepatophyta

Hornworts phylum

Anthocetophyta

Spore

Haploid reproductive cell that can grow to new adult organism without fertilization. Produced by meiosis, develop into gametophytes

Seed

Multicellular structure that develops from mature ovule of a seed plant. Contains the plant embryo with a protective coat and stored food.

Gymnosperm

Vascular plants with exposed seeds e.g. pine, spruce, fir (no flowers)

Cones

Gymnosperm structure that contains male of female reproductive parts

Seedless vascular plants

Sporophyte I'd the dominant stage in their life cycle, a bit of gameophyte, produce haploids not seeds

Angiosperm

Divided to two groups: monocot and dicots

Flowers

Reproductive structure that produce gametes and provide a place for gametes to unite and form a seed

Reproductive organs

Cones, flower or fruit

Vegetative organs

Shoot and root system

Germination

Growth resuming after a period of being dormant. Absorbs water, causing it to swell and break open the seed coat

Seed dispersal

Water; animal; wind dispersal

Germination stages

1. Seed absorbs water, swells, breaks open seed coat

2. Stored for in cotyledon breaks down and is available for the embryo

3. Cellular respiration provides energy for the embryo to grow

4. Embryo appears outside of seed called radicle. This will become the plant's roots

5 hypocotyl appears above the soil

Meristem

Area of rapidly dividing cells

Epidermis

Single layer of dermal tissue cells that forms a protective covering over the body of non-woody plants

Guard cells

Paired cells that together surround a sons, to control the size that affects carbon dioxide diffusion and water evaporation

Roots hair

Tiny extensions of individual epidermal cells on plant roots

Stoma

Small opening or pores that regulate gas exchange and water level.

Parenchyma

Makes up most cells in a plant. Have flexible, thin cell walls. Capable of storage, photosynthesis, had exchange and protection. Contain chloroplasts if in leaves and stem

Collenchyma

Make up long strings that can be pulled from a celery stalk. Provide flexibility for plants. Tissue repair and replacement

Sclerenchyma

Thick secondary cell walls that contain lignin to make them tough and hard. Support mature plants. Include sclereids (stone cells) and fibres

Xylem

Vascular tissue that conduct water. In gymnosperm: tracheids. Angiosperm: tracheids and vessel elements

Phloem

Food-conducting tissue in vascular plant. Sieve tube elements and companion cells

Function of palisade cells

Photosynthesize

Function of spongy cells

Open spaces allow oxygen, carbon dioxide and water to move around the cell

Herbaceous stem

Soft and flexible stems that contain chloroplasts and can perform photosynthesis

Functions of roots

Anchors the plant

Absorb water and dissolved minerals

Food storage

Protection of hormones

Apical meristem

Located at the very tip of roots

Tap roots

Large young roots growing in diameter downwards in the south with small lateral roots e.g. carrots, beets, dandelions

Fibrous roots

A mass of many tiny roots spread out just below the surface of the soil e.g grass. Can absorb surface water very quickly

Modified roots

Food and water storage, provide extra support for the plants e.g. sweet potatoes

Herbaceous

Found in both monocots and dicots. Thin, soft green, contain little or no wood, carry out photosynthesis, live for only one season because stems are not specialised for protection

Woody

Stiff, tough, rigid, mostly xylem tissues

Tuber

Enlarged part of an underground stem. Has buds extending from it that can grow into new plants e.g. white potatoes

Bulbs

Shortened, compressed stems surrounded by fleshy leaves e.g. onions

Corms

Composed of almost entirely of stem tissue with some scaly leaves on top e.g crocuses

Stolons

Horizontal attend that grow above ground along the surface of the soil e.g. strawberry plants

Rhizome

Horizontal stem that grows underground

Auxins

Stimulate cell division and elongation in stems and roots, regulate cell expansion in plant responses to light and gravity

Cytokinins

Stimulate cell division, prevent aging of leaves

Ethylene

Promotes the ripening of fruits

Tropism

A plant's growth response to external simulation coming from one direction on the environment

Phototropism

A plant's growth response to light

Gravitropism

A plant's growth response to gravity

Thigmotropism

A plant's growth response to touch out contact

Gametophyte

The haploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis

Sporophyte

The diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis

Auxins

Stimulate cell division and elongation in stems and roots, regulate cell expansion in plant responses to light and gravity

Cytokinins

Stimulate cell division, prevent aging of leaves

Ethylene

Promotes the ripening of fruits

Tropism

A plant's growth response to external simulation coming from one direction on the environment

Phototropism

A plant's growth response to light

Gravitropism

A plant's growth response to gravity

Thigmotropism

A plant's growth response to touch out contact

Gametophyte

The haploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis

Sporophyte

The diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis