CHEMLAB FINALS

beaker

for dissolving, mixing, and heating liquids.

• Erlenmeyer flask/Florence flask

• reaction vessel and sometimes as a gas generator. It is used to hold liquid or solution to be heated. 

volumetric flask

diluting and preparing an accurate volume of solution

distilling flask

• distilling liquids.

test tube

• reaction vessel for experiments involving small amounts of reactants.

• porcelain crucible with cover 

for high temperature ignition.

evaporating dish

• for heating and evaporating solutions.

mortar and pestle

mixing and grinding solids,

• watch glass 

• evaporation of volatile liquids, for observing reactions, as a container in weighing and as a cover for beakers to avoid evaporation or contamination of the liquid in the beaker.

• Bunsen burner 

• source of heat in the laboratory.

• alcohol lamp 

• alternate source of heat.

clay triangle

support the porcelain crucible for heating

wing top

placed over the barrel of a burner to spread the flame evenly.

• wire gauze or asbestos pad 

• for protecting glass vessels from the direct flame of the burner. It is used for indirect heating. It supports apparatus while heating.

water bath

heat chemical preparation at a controlled temperature, also for indirect heating

• deflagrating spoon 

heating small amounts of samples

iron clamp

support for test tubes, flasks and other apparatus that need to be attached to the iron stand.

• glass funnel 

• support filter papers and facilitate the transfer of liquids and fine powder into narrow-neck glass vessels to prevent spilling

iron stand

support iron rings and iron clamps

iron ring

mounted on an iron stand to support beakers, flasks and evaporating dishes.

• tripod 

support apparatus that do not need to be attached to the front stand

test tube holder

hold the test tube while heating

glass rod or stirring rod

stirring solutions. It also aids in pouring liquids to prevent spilling

• crucible tong 

handling hot instruments and porcelain crucibles

beam balance

weigh materials

graduated cylinder

measure volume of liquids

buret

graduated glass tube that is used for measuring definite and accurate amounts of liquid needed in volumetric analysis

dropper

transfer a small amount of liquid

spatula

• remove solids from the container.

pipette

remove or transfer small amounts of liquid

thermometer

measure temperature

barometer

measure the atmospheric pressure

cork borer

boring a hole through a cork

test tube brush

clean test tubes.

triangular file

to make a deep scratch or mark on a glass tubing to be cut. 

separatory funnel

separate two immiscible liquids

condenser 

distillation

Chemical Symbols

are shorthand representations of elements, derived from their names.

Coefficients

whole numbers placed in front of chemical formulas or elements

Subscripts

Superscripts

used to denote the charge of ions in ionic compounds

Reaction Arrow

separates the reactants from the products in a chemical equation

State of matter

These abbreviations denote the physical state in which the substances exist

Oxidation Number/Oxidation State

• represent the formal charges assigned to individual atoms within chemical species

• play a significant role in understanding electron distribution and chemical reactivity

• essential in balancing redox reactions and expounding electron transfer processes during chemical transformations