Psych Final Exam

resiliency

ability to cope with stress

high resilience

life satisfaction, mental health, social support (give & receive), hope & optimism, social skills

low resilience

depression/anxiety, hopelessness, substance use, emotionally overwhelmed, social distancing

stress inoculation theory

exposure to increasing levels of (age appropriate) stress in order to develop stress-coping "anti-bodies," creates resiliency

stress

one's response to events that disturb our physical or psychological equilibrium, environmental pressure

stressors

external or internal events that challenge or threaten us, can be negative events or positive events ie. romantic relationship ending/wedding/illness

Hans Selye

studied how our bodies react to stress, found that they have a stress response to any significant demand on the body

general adaptive syndrome

bodies response to stress

3 stages of general adaptive syndrome

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

males - fight or flight

more likely to use fight or flight

females - fight or flight

more likely to use tend-and-befriend (seek out friends & tenderness in stress)

higher levels of oxytocin, mating strategies, gender socialization (men & women raised differently)

why is there a difference between males & females in fight or flight?

Carl Roger's Theory of Personality

being & becoming, growth toward fulfillment, experiences -> self-concept -> need for regard -> self regard -> self-concept -> self actualization -> self others -> experiences

Carl Rogers

attempted to identify mental health

the fully functioning person is/has

more fully open to experience, ability to live in an existential fashion, unafraid of their own feelings, not determined

basic drives in infants

actualizing his organism- born to be your best, biological & psychological drives are focused on the need to maintain & enhance one’s life, drive results in greater autonomy & self-trust

how does the infant develop the me?

through the self that contains this basic instinct, interactions with others

developing a healthy me - up to parents

parents must accept the child’s feelings, have the ability to accept own feelings about the child, communicate acceptance

positive regard

feelings loved & accepted, develops as the self-concept (favorite things, etc.) begins to emerge, source is in others

self-regard

self-esteem, self-efficiency, develop it as they hold themselves in positive regard

conditions of worth

situations that either provide acceptance or rejection, children learn that certain things will lead to others holding them in higher/lower esteem

self-incongruence

when perception of the self is not matched by perceptions by others

result of severe self-incongruence?

disorganization of the breakdown, inability to develop a fully-functioning person

Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality

id, ego, superego, psycho-sexual stages of development, corrupted by instincts

Sigmund Freud

medical school for clinical work & research, opened practice with Josef Brier, case of Anna O, 1895 “Studies on Hysteria,” “A new science, Psychoanalysis”

3 levels of Consciousness

Conscious (aware), Pre-conscious (asked about), unconscious (unaware)

three structures of consciousness

id (pleasure, lust principle), ego (reality principle), superego

instincts, libido

eros- life instinct, Thanatos- death instinct

energy of the libido

instinct have “drive” energy, must allow to be released (catharsis), anxiety- unable to release energy of the libido

external locus of control:

consequences controlled by external factors

internal locus of control:

consequences based on choices & responsibility

reading 28

behavior never occurs in a vacuum

collectivist cultures:

community over individual

individual cultures:

individual over community

1\.) oral stage

0-2 yrs, mouth primary source of pleasure (nutrition, passifier, tic tac, stress eating), if satisfied- trusting & optimistic person as adult

2\.) anal stage

2-3 yrs, focus on retention & expulsion of the body waste, if resolved → confident, limit setting, generous (know when you need to give up)

3\.) phallic stage

3-7 yrs, children become aware of genitals & sex differences, crisis of this stage different for boys & girls, resolution: appropriate sex-roles, if not resolved → difficulty w identity bc no sex-role identity bc no sex-role identity, relationship w other sex, breaking relationship w parents

phallic stage & boys

oedipal crisis: wants sole attention of mother, develops desire for mother (source of pleasure), father stands in way → jealous of father, afraid of father (castration anxiety), resolves by becoming like father (if you can’t beat them, join them)

phallic stage & girls

electra crisis: develops desire for mother, father stands in the way, not able to “compete” w father, blames mom & rejects her, becomes like dad then becomes like mom bc she cannot be dad

neuron

the nervous system that sends & receives info, nervous system’s building blocks 

sensory neurons

neurons that send info from sensory receptors to the brain, usually by way of the spinal cord

motor neurons

neurons that send commands from the brain to glands, muscles, and organs to do, cease, or inhibit something

interneurons

neurons that connect the sensory neuron’s input signals w motor neurons output signals

myelin sheath

protective coating of fatty material around an axon that hastens the transmission of the electrochemical charge

synapse

the entire area composed of the terminal button of one neuron, the synaptic cleft, and the dendrite of another neuron

glial cells

non-neuron cells that supply the neurons w support, nutrients, and insulation

resting potential of neuron

stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron

action potential of neuron

brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels down the axon

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers released by the synaptic vesicles that travel across the synaptic cleft & either excited or inhibits adjacent neurons

major neurotransmitters

acetylcholine (muscle contractions, memory formation), dopamine (movement, thought, emotion), endorphins (pleasure, control pain), serotonin (regulate emotional states, sleep cycles, dreaming, aggression, appetite)

cerebral cortex

crowning achievement of human evolution, largest structure in the forebrain; largely responsible for higher order mental processes, consists of occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe

cerebral lateralization

degree to which right or left hemisphere controls various cognitive & behavioral functions

brainstem

region of the brain above spinal cord that contains medulla, pons, & reticular formation

limbic system

hypothalamus- autonomic nervous system, amygdala- emotion arousal/fight or flight, hippocampus-memory

plasticity

ability of brain to alter neural connections following damage

4\.) latency period

6-12 yrs, after anxiety of phallic stage → no psycho-sexual development, libido lays dormant

5\.) genital stage

12+ yrs, libido is reawakened, develop into adult sexual human being

well adjusted person

the person who is able to “Lieben und Arbeiten” (love & work) \[Freud\]

neurotic anxiety

anxiety related to the fear of her (Anna O) basic instincts in her unconscious

oral overindulged

gullible, dependent, passive

oral underindulged

distrustful, pessimistic, sarcastic

anal overcontrolled

miserly, controlling, stubborn

anal underindulged

messy, vague, excessive

social learning theory of personality

what you learn from others, observing others & making adjustments, vicarious punishment/ reinforcement

reciprocal determinism

human behavior is caused by reciprocal of behavior, cognition & environment

what relates/causes behavior?

internal cognitions, external environment, thoughts, preferences, expectations, self-perception 

modeling

primary way we acquire & maintain to an extent our behavior

observational learning

vicarious reinforcement & punishment: observing other’s behavior & the consequences can result in new or modified behavior

Bandura, Ross, & Ross 1963

children watching movie of aggressive adult behavior more likely to manifest aggressive behavior, used bobo doll

social learning theory- implications

behavior can be self governed, self-reinforcement (operates like external reinforcement)/ punishment

Harlow

monkeys → comfort contact

Seligman & Maier

learned helplessness → certain life events control fails & stop trying

Darley & Latane

the more bystanders, the less likely/ quickly to get help, don’t help→ fear of looking foolish

empathy

importance in marriage parenting, business, social functioning, spirituality

Rogerian Therapeutic Approach- reflection of feelings

used to help the client to attain insight into their emotions, also used to communicate the therapist’s understanding of the client

condition 1

patients are in psychological contact, each aware that the other’s presence makes a difference in the relationship

condition 2

client is in a state of incongruence (willing to change/ talk), discrepancy exists between the client’s self-image & life experience (their view vs other’s = different)

condition 3

therapist is congruent (genuine), therapist is spontaneously real, honestly express feelings, even express less than pleasing feelings (I am frustrated w this client)

condition 4

therapist provides unconditional positive regard for the client, therapist accepts the humanity of the client, unconditional acceptance of the client’s worth as a human being; everyone deserves to be loved & love, don’t have to agree or accept client’s actions, beliefs, etc.

condition 5

therapist experiences empathic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference, understand the client’s view of the world, communicates this to the client so they feel understood

condition 6

therapist has to communicate empathy & unconditional positive regard to the client

positive personality change

what will the 6 conditions lead to?

abnormal

maladaptive coping (day-to-day things → getting dressed, etc.) deviance from social norms

insanity

legal term indicating lack of responsibility due to inability to tell right from wrong

perceived control

important factor in moderating street; internal (how much you study) & external locus of control (what’s on the exam)

procrastination

what increases stress symptoms but helps deal with short term symptoms

Solomon Asch

conformity → answering the right/ wrong answer in your mind based on others’ answers (line example), prison experiment- guards made prisoners do horrible things for no reason

prevalence of mental illness

20% for any disorder, 6% for depression, 13% for all anxiety disorders, 8% for substance abuse, 1% for schizophrenia

medial model

proposes psychological disorders have a biological basis, can be classified into categories like physical diseases

symptom

a sign of a disease

diagnosis

process of distinguishing one disorder from another

etiology

initial case that led to the development of the disorder 

prognosis

prediction about the likely course of the disorder

disthesis

disposition towards a mental illness

DSM 5

diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorder, American psychiatric association, based on medical model (symptoms)

risks of labeling

stigma, discrimination, dehumanize

benefits of labeling

professional communication, research

Schizophrenia symptoms

hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, thought disturbances, flat or inappropriate affect

hallucinations

sensory perception w/o stimulation of regular sensory organ

delusions

false personal belief based on incorrect inference of external reality & firmly sustained inspire of contradictory proof