Lecture on Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution and Aldehydes/Ketones

Flashcards summarizing key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture on Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution and Aldehydes/Ketones.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS)

A reaction where an electrophile substitutes for a hydrogen atom in an aromatic ring.

EDGs

Electron-donating groups that increase the reactivity of aromatic compounds in EAS reactions.

EWGs

Electron-withdrawing groups that decrease the reactivity of aromatic compounds in EAS reactions.

Regioselectivity

The preference of a chemical reaction to yield one structural isomer over others.

Steric Effects

The influence of the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule on the reaction pathway.

Blocking Group

A temporary substituent used to direct the regioselectivity of a reaction.

Meisenheimer Complex

An anionic intermediate formed during nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

Benzyne

A reactive intermediate involved in nucleophilic aromatic substitutions under extreme conditions.

Ortho-Para Directors

Substituents that direct incoming electrophiles to the ortho and para positions on an aromatic ring.

Meta Directors

Substituents that direct incoming electrophiles to the meta position on an aromatic ring.

Friedel-Crafts Reaction

A method for introducing alkyl or acyl groups into aromatic rings.

Nitration

The process of introducing a nitro group (NO2) into an aromatic compound.

Sulfonyl Group

A functional group containing sulfur and oxygen, used as a blocking group in EAS.

Halogens in EAS

Halogens are weak deactivators but direct electrophilic attacks to ortho and para positions.

Acyl Group

A functional group derived from an acid, characterized by a carbonyl group adjacent to an alkyl or aryl group.

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution

A reaction where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group in an electron-deficient aromatic compound.

Aldehyde

An organic compound containing the carbonyl functional group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain.

Ketone

An organic compound with a carbonyl functional group (C=O) located within the carbon chain.

Carbonyl Group

A functional group characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Vanillin

An aromatic compound commonly used for its flavor characteristic, derived from vanilla.

Formaldehyde

The simplest aldehyde, used in various chemical processes and as a preservative.

Acetone

The simplest ketone, commonly used as a solvent in organic chemistry.

Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named with the suffix '-al' in systematic names.

Nomenclature of Ketones

Ketones are named with the suffix '-one' in systematic names.

Substituent Effects

The varying impact of groups on the reactivity and directionality of EAS reactions.

HNO3/H2SO4

A mixture used for nitration in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

Activation Energy

The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed.

Reagents

Substances used in a chemical reaction or process.

Activation Energy for EAS

The energy barrier that must be overcome for electrophilic aromatic substitution to occur.

Carb-aldehyde Nomenclature

A common name for cycloalkane-substituted aldehydes.

Mixed HNO3/H2SO4 conditions

Acidic conditions under which nitration occurs.

Protecting Group Strategy

A method to temporarily mask a functional group in reactions to avoid unwanted reactions.

Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions

Involve nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon.

Bonding in Aldehydes and Ketones

Characterized by a carbon-oxygen double bond in the carbonyl functional group.

Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation

A method of oxidizing ketones to esters using peracids.

Electrophiles

Species that seek to accept electrons in a chemical reaction.