Fish Exam 2

Muskellunge Genus

Esox

Pilot fish Phylum

Chordata

Pilot fish Class

Actinopterygii

Pilot fish Order

Perciformes

Orange Garibaldi Family

Pomacentridae

Lake trout Genus

Salvelinus

How many species of frogfish are there

47

What can tolerate low temps and salinities

Devil's hole pupfish

a group of fish that aggregate together, typically for social reasons

shoaling

a specific type of shoal

schooling

Requirements for schools

social attraction
coordination
numbers

What ways do fish school?

visual cues
mechanical cues

Why do fish school?

Energy conservation
protection from predators
reproduction
feeding
migration

decrease work need for swimming by the followers

drafting

safety in numbers

dilution effect

confuses predators

confusion effect

concentrated group of prey

bait ball

What type of fish are schooling predators?

sharks, tuna, dolphins

pigment cells

chromatophores

melanin

melanophores

black, brown, gray

melanin

Carotenoids

Lipophores

yellow, red, orange

Carotenoids

Mirror cells

Iridocytes

Purines that reflect light

mirror cells

cells that omit light

Photophores

dark coloration on top, light on bottom

countershading

omnivores

generalists

One or few types of food

specialists

Organisms drifting / floating

planktivores

benthic organisms

benthivores

other fishes

piscivores

bacteria, protozoa

dentritivores

plants and animals

omnivores

vegetation, plants, algae

herbivores

prevent prey escape and not meant for chewing

canines

maintain suction and scrape food sources

cardiforms

used for grinding or scraping; beak-like

molariforms

tear or chop

incisors

modified gill arch

pharyngeal

change in features that allow them to feed on particular prey

morphology

What are the intestine lengths like?

Herbivores longer than carnivores

body velocity used to overtake prey escape

ram feeding / biting

prevent gill damage and prey escape

gill rakers

What fish have more gill rakers?

Planktivores > Omnivores > piscivores

What type of feeding is derived?

Suction feeding

What type of feeding is ancestral?

ram feeding

spawn once then die

semelparous

spawn multiple times

iteroparous

many males, many females

polygynandry

one male, multiple female

polygyny

one female, multiple male

polyandry

one female, one male

monogamy

What type of fish is polygynandry?

guppies

What type of fish is polyandry?

clownfish

What type of fish is monogamy?

Butterfly fish

sex fixed maturation

gonochoristic

sex change after maturation

hermaphroditic

change sex as age

sequential

male first

proandrous

female first

protogynous

egg development occurs without fertilization

parthenogenetic

no male contribution

gynogenetic

male contribution discarded each generation

hybridogenetic

males and females look the same

monomorphic

sexes look dif

dimorphic

requires synchronization between males and females

external fertilization

eggs laid, young hatch externally

oviparous

embryos get yolk internally

ovoviparous

What reproduction has high fecundity and poor survival?

Oviparous

What reproduction has moderate fecundity?

Ovoviparous

Embryos get yolk internally

ovoviparous

embryos get nutrient from mom

viviparous

What reproduction has low fecundity and high survival?

viviparous

What are characteristics of nonguarders?

egg scatterers
no parental care
brood hiders

What are characteristics of guarders?

substrate chooser
nest builders

Loss of swim bladder or eye migration

larval metamorphosis

dispersal of fish during the larval stage

larval dispersal

marine protected area

MPA

proportion of larvae that return to their natal population

Self-recruitment

the length of time that a fish spends as a larvae
Pelagic larval duration

PLD

the process of transitioning from a pelagic larval stage to a demersal juvenile stage

Settlement

support for pectoral fins

cleithrum

the study of interactions between organisms and their environment

ecology

a group of individuals of the same species that live together and interact

population

outcome is related to population size

density-dependent

outcome is not related to pop size

Density-independent

the physical and biological conditions needed for a species to grow, survive, and reproduce

fundamental or ecological niche

space that a species actually inhabits

realized niche

direct result of interspecific competition

niche partitioning

a relationship in which two species live in close physiological contact with each other

symbiosis

a mutually beneficial interaction between individuals of two species

mutualism

an interaction between individuals where one benefits the other, but is not harmed

commensalism

a group of interacting species that occur together at the same time

community

summary of the feeding relationships within an ecological community

food webs

containing two complete sets of chromosomes

diploid

polypoid

organisms are those containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes

how many genome duplication events have occurred?

two

the amount of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus or one half the amount of DNA

c value

any region of DNA

locus