BIO-201 Brain Functions

functions of each part of the brain.& each cranial nerve

cerebrum

• conscious mind

• intelligence/reasoning

• memory

• judgement

• voluntary muscle control

• conscious perception

• emotions

cerebral cortex

• grey matter outside the cerebrum

• perception

• awareness

• thought memory

frontal lobe

• largest lobe

• intelligence

• concentration

• personality

• motor control

• verbal communication

• judgement

prefrontal cortex

• frontal lobe

• judgement

• emotions/behavior

• planning

• reasoning

• motivation

• mood

• develops later

premotor cortex

• frontal lobe

• planned movement/choreographer

primary motor cortex

• frontal lobe

• precentral gyrus

• voluntary movement by sending impulses to skeletal muscles

broca’s area

• frontal lobe

• motor speech/muscles for speech

parietal lobe

• identify objects

• understand spatial relationships

• sensory analysis

angular gryus

• parietal lobe

• language & number processing

• sends info to hippocampus for memory

primary somatosensory cortex

• parietal lobe - postcentral gyrus

• sensory/afferent end for neurons

• association area: predicts objects based on sensory info

occipital lobe

• vision

primary visual cortex

• occipital lobe

• primary visual interpretation

vision association area

• occipital lobe

• connections & analysis of visual information

• using past experiences to interpret visual stimuli

temporal lobe

• memory

• speech

• musical rhythm

• smell recognition

• hearing

• short term memory

primary olfactory cortex

• temporal lobe

• smell recognition

primary auditory complex

• temporal lobe

• hearing

• association area: connected to comprehension, analysis, recognition, memory, etc.

wernicke’s area

• temporal lobe

• understanding spoken language

insula

• hidden lobe

• information to temporal lobe

• risk/reward center

• pain pathways

• visceral sensory

• memory

gustatory complex

• insula

• taste

pituitary gland

• master endocrine gland

• hormones:

  • sexual hormones

  • stress

  • growth

  • thyroid

  • adrenal

• instructed by hypothalamus

• connected by infundibulum

hippocampus

• memory

• neurogenesis w/ exercise

fusiform gyrus

• facial recognition

somatic sensory association area

• understand sensory information

• object identification based on touch

visual association area

• understand visual input

auditory association area

• understand & identify auditory information

basal nuclei/ganglia

• fine/coordinated movement

caudate nucleus

• basal nuclei

• movement

• learning

• reward

• rhythm movement

• romantic interactions

putamen

• basal ganglia

• movement

• language

• reward

• addiction

gloubus pallidum

• basal ganglia

• proprioception

• movement

nucleus accumbeas

• basal ganglia

• movement

• motivation do to the action

substantia nigra

• basal ganglia

• dopamine production

limbic system

• emotions (can override logic)

• learning

• memory

cingulate gyrus

• limbic system

• emotions

• pain

parahippocampal gyrus

• limbic system

• scene & location recognition

• memory storage

nuclei hippocampus

• limbic system

• stories memory

septal nucleus

• limbic system

• white matter tract connecting temporal lobes

amygdala

• limbic system

• emotions

mamillary body

• limbic system

• olfactory memory

fornix

• limbic system

• tracts of white matter connecting limbic system to hypothalamus

olfactory bulb

• limbic system

• smell

• associated emotions

corpus callosum

• communication between hemispheres

• large tract of white matter (very fast)

projection fibers - internal capsule - coronal radiata

• white matter

• carry afferent & efferent information to cerebral cortex

association fibers

• connects lobes of the brain together

cerebral peduncles

• midbrain

• connect cerebellum to cerebrum

corpora quadrigemina

• midbrain

• superior & inferior colliculi

• tectal plates

superior colliculi

• visual reflex for head & eye movement

• following a moving object

inferior colliculi

• auditory reflex

• turn head at startling sounds

red nucleus

• midbrain

• iron pigments

• depth perception

• limb control

pons

• brainstem

• conduction tracts moving up to thalamus

• pontine center for respiration

medulla oblongata

• brainstem

• cardiovascular center (adjust HR)

• vasomotor center

• respiration center for rate & depth of breath

• vomiting

• hiccuping

• coughing

• sneezing

Diencephalon

• epithalamus

• thalamus

• hypothalamus

thalamus

• diencephalon

• gateway to cerebral cortex

• sorts & reorganizes incoming information

• reticular activating complex

hypothalamus

• diencephalon

• control of ANS

• emotion & hormone responses

• body temperature

• food & water intake

• sleep/wake cycle w/ epithalamus

• endocrine regulation of hormone secretion

epithalamus

• diencephalon

• circadian rhythm

• contains pineal gland

pineal gland

• releases melatonin

• epithalamus

• produced anti oxidants

cerebellum

• mini brain

• smooth, coordinated muscle contractions (driving, typing, balance, posture)

reticular activating system

• information transfer:

spinal cord - medulla oblongata - pons - thalamus - cerebrum

olfactory (I)

sensory: smell

optic (II)

sensory: tract of WM from brain to retina for sight

occulomotor (III)

motor: movement of eye muscles, lens, pupillary dilation/contraction

trochlear (IV)

motor: eye movement

trigeminal (V)

• Ophthalmic branch

  • Sensory: scalp, upper eyelid, nasal cavity, cornea, lacrimal gland

• Maxillary branch

  • Sensory: palate, upper teeth, skin of cheek, upper lip & lower eyelid

• Mandibular branch

  • Sensory: anterior ⅔ of tongue, lower teeth, skin of chin

  • Motor: chewing muscles

abducens (VI)

motor: movement of medial & lateral rectus

facial (VII)

• Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

• Somatic motor: skeletal muscles of the face

• Parasympathetic motor: lacrimal, nasal, & salivary glands

• Sensory: gustation on anterior ⅔ of tongue

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

• Sensory: balance/equilibrium, hearing (cochlea)

• Motor: hairs in cochlea move to adjust hearing sensitivity

glossopharyngeal (IX)

• Somatic motor: swallowing

• Parasympathetic motor: parotid (salivary) gland

• Sensory: taste buds & feeling on posterior ⅓ of tongue, chemoreceptors (detect O₂/CO₂ levels), baroreceptors (sense BP & initiate response)

vagus (X)

• Motor somatic: swallowing (works with CN IX)

• Parasympathetic motor: regulation of HR, resp, digestion

• Sensory: abdominal & thoracic areas (viscera), skin of external ear, taste buds on epiglottis, baroreceptors

accessory (XI)

• Motor:

  • Cranial branch: subconscious swallowing

  • Spinal branch: control of trapezius & sternocleido mastoid for head & neck control

hypoglossal (XII)

somatic motor: chewing & tongue movement, speaking