Midterm Review

What is the difference between English colonization and other forms of colonization?

English colonization often involved the establishment of permanent settlements with a focus on agriculture and self-governance, whereas other forms, such as Spanish or French colonization, frequently prioritized resource extraction and trade, often with less emphasis on settling large populations.

What were the roles of Africa, Europe and America during the triangular trade?

European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa, African slaves sent to Americas, cash crops purchased in the Americas, sent back to Europe

What were the changes in gender ratios in western Africa between 1500 and 1750?

The gender ratios in western Africa changed significantly between 1500 and 1750 due to the transatlantic slave trade, which disproportionately removed men from the population, leading to a higher number of women and children remaining.

What was the nature of Queen Nzinga’s resistance against Portugal?

Queen Nzinga led a series of military campaigns and diplomatic efforts to resist Portuguese colonization in Angola. She formed alliances with other African tribes and the Dutch, utilizing guerrilla tactics and skilled negotiations to challenge Portuguese authority.

• Lots of evidence shows that Muslims were involved with slave trading in Africa and the Indian Ocean

What did the Tokugawa shogunate encourage?

The shogunate encouraged people to become bureaucrats, government functionaries and scholars

• There was a large number of enslaved African migrants dominating migration to the Western Hemisphere

Who were the peninsulares?

Peninsulares were defined as those of pure blood and white Spanish descent who lived in the colonies but had been born in Spain, on the Iberian Peninsula. They immigrated to the colonies after birth and held the most important positions in colonial government.

Who was Adam Smith as a capitalist thinker and how did he reject economic protectionism?

Smith argued that by giving everyone the freedom to produce and exchange goods as they pleased (free trade) and opening the markets up to domestic and foreign competition, people's natural self-interest would promote greater prosperity than could stringent government regulations.

What were the consequences of Peace of Westphalia?

The Peace of Westphalia, signed in 1648, ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe and established the principles of national sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of states, leading to a new order in international relations.

What were the reasons for the fall of the Aztecs and other Amerindians?

• Superior Weapons. Spanish weaponry was far superior to anything used by the Aztecs or Incas. ...

• Alliances and Experience. ...

• The Power of Horses. ...

• Deadly Disease. ...

What are the differences between the Columbian exchange and the triangle trade?

The Columbian Exchange was trading raw materials between New World and Old World. Whereas, the Triangle Trade was trading slaves from Africa to the New World.

What benefits did the Columbian Exchange have?

The Columbian Exchange made available worldwide commodities that at one time were isolated.

How was European exploration NOT stimulated?

Studying foreign territory and people

What is the Portuguese idea of the ‘trading post empire?’

A system where Portugal established coastal trading posts to control trade routes and resources in the Indian Ocean and beyond.

Where was foot binding usually experienced?

In the upper-class, which added to the status of family. (China)

On what were the social hierarchies of the Ming and Qing dynasties based?

Based in Confucianism

Why did the Ming move the capital from Nanjing to Beijing and build the Great Wall for fear of Northern invaders?

the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–24), continued his father's policy of active campaigning against the Mongols, and in 1421 moved the Ming capital from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north, partially to better manage the Mongol situation.

What are the differences/similarities of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires?

Overall, the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires were similar in their Islamic identity, military prowess, and involvement in trade, but differed in their location, government structure, art and culture, military tactics, and treatment of non-Muslims

What was the result of the Battle of Chaldiran?

The Battle of Chaldiran resulted in a Sunni Ottoman victory, but a win that did not allow them to totally defeat and occupy Safavid Territory

What did the Islamic Empires have problems with?

The Islamic Empires had problems with competition amongst heirs to the throne.

What Empire did the Ottoman state border?

The Safavid Empire to the east.

What did NOT lead to the decline of Islamic Empires?

European control of trade in the Indian Ocean

What was Luther’s motivation for the Ninety-Five Theses?

Luther's motivation for the Ninety-Five Theses was to challenge the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences, which he believed undermined the true essence of repentance and salvation.

What are the basics of the Ptolemaic universe?

Epicyclic model. In the Ptolemaic system each planet revolves uniformly along a circular path (epicycle), the centre of which revolves around Earth along a larger circular path (deferent).

What increased German unification?

German unification (and increased nationalism) came largely from wars against neighboring states.

What was the result of the only successful slave revolt in Haiti?

The Haitian Revolution created the second independent country in the Americas after the United States became independent in 1783.

What are similarities between Declaration of Independence and Declaration of the Right of Man and the Citizen

Both the “U.S. Declaration of Independence” and the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen” were both revolutionary documents that all had a central theme, human rights; both of these documents demanded the same natural rights for each citizen.

Where did John Locke believe sovereignty belonged?

Among Locke's political works he is most famous for The Second Treatise of Government in which he argues that sovereignty resides in the people and explains the nature of legitimate government in terms of natural rights and the social contract

Governments starting in the 1770’s were directly influenced by the ideas of what ‘enlightened’ period?

Kings to be made responsible to subject populations(?)

Who were Atahualpa and Montezuma?

Atahualpa was the last emperor of the Inca Empire, Montezuma was the ninth emperor of the Aztec Empire

What does ‘Qing’ mean in translation?

It means 'clear' or 'pure' in Chinese, referring to the Qing Dynasty.

Who were Robert Fourier and CHarles Owen, and what were their planned noncoercive communities?

Socialist utopias

What was the importance of coal on transition from prior economic systems and steam powered energy?

The steam engine—one of the major technologies behind the Industrial Revolution—was heavily reliant on coal, and homeowners used coal to heat their homes and cook food.

Putting out system vs. Factory system

In putting-out system, workers and artisans worked in better conditions from their individual homes along with their family. Rising prices caused factories to replace both guilds and putting-out system. Machines too large, expensive for home use, large buildings could house specialized laborers, urbanization guaranteed supply of cheap labor

Who was John D. Rockefeller?

John Davison Rockefeller (JDR) was the guiding force behind the creation and development of the Standard Oil Company. John D. Rockefeller controlled almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S.

What was Manifest Destiny?

Manifest Destiny was the idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America. The ideology of Manifest Destiny inspired a variety of measures designed to remove or destroy the native population.

What happened after Reconstruction to freed slaves?

After slavery, state governments across the South instituted laws known as Black Codes. These laws granted certain legal rights to African Americans, including the right to marry, own property, and sue in court, but the Codes also made it illegal for them to serve on juries, testify against whites, or serve in state militias.

What was Little Bighorn?

Little Bighorn was a momentary victory for the Lakota and Cheyenne. The death of Custer and his troops became a rallying point for the United States to increase their efforts to force native peoples onto reservation lands.

What was Wounded Knee?

Lakota were taken to Wounded Knee Creek , where the army began to disarm them. In the confusion, Indians started the Ghost Dance and a shot was fired, leading to the US Army opening fire on the Indians. Within 10 minutes, 250 Indians (men, women and children) were dead and 25 US soldiers had been killed.

Emiliano Zapata

Emiliano Zapata was an accomplished guerrilla leader during the Mexican Revolution, and he strongly opposed the hacienda system that characterized much of rural Mexican life. Partly because of his efforts, fundamental land reform was enshrined in the Mexican constitution of 1917.

What was the importance of railroads on the United States?

The railroad opened the way for the settlement of the West, provided new economic opportunities, stimulated the development of town and communities, and generally tied the country together.