BS 161 MSU Exam 1

scientific argument-claim

answer to the question

scientific argument- evidence/support

data, observations, structure and models

scientific argument- reasoning

since/because used to explain how the evidence supports the claim.

what are the 5 interactions between living molecules

Covalent bond, Ionic bond, LDF, Hydrophobic Clustering, Hydrogen bonds

strength of 5 interactions in order

1.Covalent bond

2.Ionic bond,

3.Hydrogen bonds

4. Hydrophobic Clustering

5. LDF

Electronegativity

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

What makes atoms stable?

-either they have a full valence shell, or they have 8 electrons in their valence shell (octet rule)

-adding interactions makes it more stable

electronegativity strength O,N,H,C

O>N>C=H

what type of bonding does water have

hydrogen bonding

which function group is non-polar

methyl (CH3)

when does electrostatic interaction occur between

charged polar molecules

what type of bond is a hydrogen bond? (more specifically)

polar covalent bond

When does hydrogen bonding occur?

between polar molecules were an H atom is directly bonded to an atom with a higher electronegativity

When do ionic bonds form?

when two compounds with drastically different electronegativities bond

Why does salt dissolve in water?

the O- in water interactions with Na+ and the H+ interacts with the Cl- separating the 2 (the polar nature of water molecules)

LDF

Nonpolar molecules, temporary dipoles

hydrophobic clustering

non polar molecules cluster together when surrounded by water

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

what are 3 types of R groups? and what to look for them in them?

1. polar uncharged

-can have hydrogen bonding

-look for difference in electron charges

2. fully charged

-can have ionic bonding

-looked for charged molecules

3. non polar r groups

-participate in LDF, Hydrophobic cluster

-Lookfor lots of C

what does a polypeptide chain look like

amin terminus-amino acids-carboxyl terminus

DNA nucleotide structure

CBS-Plac-O-Z-Y

how can you tell a DNA nucleotide vs RNA nucleotide

RNA has 2 hydroxyl groups

How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?

2 bonds

how many hydrogen bonds are between C and G?

3 bonds

How are nucleotides linked?

Phosphodiester bonds between 3' C of one sugar with the 5' of the next.

Pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

what is the shape of a nucleic acid

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogen base

which 3 atoms are in a carbohydrate

C,H,O

where is the diversity in carbohydrates

type of monosaccharide and how they are linked .

Dissacharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Polysaccharides

many sugars

Where is cellulose found?

plants

cellulose structure

-stable

-Beta glycosidic links

-linear structure

Where is starch found?

plants

Where is glycogen found?

animals

Structure of glycogen/starch

-Alpha glysodic links

-branched structure

-accesible to enzyme

What are lipids made of?

carbons and hydrocarbons

Are lipids mostly polar or non-polar?

non-polar

Where are lipids found?

cell membrane

Why is fluidity in liquids important?

so proteins can move around in the membrane

LDF in lipids

saturated- more LDF, less movement

unsaturated- less LDF,more movement

Virolence

ability to cause disease

Ribonuclease

enzyme that breaks down RNA

Protease

enzyme that digests protein

deoxyribonuclease

digests DNA

Did transformation occur when RNA and proteins

yes! which means that they aren't the genetic information

What does RNA polymerase do?

moves along DNA to create anti-strand of the DNA and creates mRNA

Transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

which way does RNA polymerase move?

3'-5'

which direction is mRNA produced

5'-3'

where does the process of transcription begin

at the promoter site on the DNA

where dies the process of transcription end

at the terminator site on the DNA

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?

nucleus

Where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells?

cystol

what is the bond between the codon and anticodon?

hydrogen bond

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA.

What is the start codon?

AUG (methionine)

steps of translation

-find start codon AUG closest proximity to 5' end

-set reading frame every 3 nucleotides

what is the function of the ribosome (3)

provide a location for tRNA and mRNA to interact, breaking bond between tRNA and amino aid, forming peptide bond through dehydration synthesis

which direction are anticodons put on?

5'-3' (anticodon)

peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

what does the release factor do

binds to stop codon and signals for the ribosome

How does a virus make proteins?

by taking control of the host cells ribosomes

primary structure

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

secondary structure

Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

caused by hydrogen bonding

tertiary structure

The complex 3-dimensional structure of a single peptide chain; held in place by disulfide bonds between cysteines.

-polar groups have hydrogen bonding

-charged groups have ionic bonding

-nonpolar groups have LDFS

quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

What are the 4 functions of the proteins? and an example of each one?

1.enzymes (RNA polymerase)

2.receptros (insulin receptor)

3. membrane pumps (NA+/K+ pump)

4. cytoskeletal (actin)

what did francis arnold lab focus on?

using bacteria to evolve enzyme structures