cad exam 3

What can infants as young as a few months distinguish between?

Helpful and unhelpful behavior.

What is the focus of Piaget's Morality of Constraint stage?

Rules are fixed and handed down by adults, with moral reasoning based on consequences.

What characterizes Piaget's Autonomous Morality stage?

Rules are flexible and based on social agreement, considering intentions and fairness.

How does Kohlberg assess moral development?

Using hypothetical dilemmas, such as the Heinz Dilemma.

What are the three levels of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

Pre-Conventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional.

What is the first stage of Kohlberg's Pre-Conventional level?

Obedience and punishment.

What is the second stage of Kohlberg's Pre-Conventional level?

Naive hedonism/self-interest.

What happens to physical aggression as children age?

It declines, while verbal and relational aggression may increase.

What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

Persistent defiant and angry behavior.

What does Conduct Disorder (CD) include?

Rule-breaking, aggression, and law violations.

What is the focus of the Fast Track Project?

Preventive intervention for at-risk children, emphasizing social skills, emotional regulation, and academic support.

What is mirror recognition and when does it typically occur?

It is a sign of self-awareness that develops in infancy (18-30 months).

What is the Personal Fable in adolescence?

The belief in the uniqueness of one's experiences.

What is the stage of Erikson's theory related to identity formation?

Identity vs. Role Confusion.

What are Marcia's four identity statuses?

Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Moratorium, and Identity Achievement.

How does parenting style influence identity formation?

Authoritarian parenting can lead to foreclosure, while democratic styles support exploration.

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex refers to biological traits, while gender refers to social identity and roles.

What are the stages of coming out in sexual orientation?

Recognition, exploration, acceptance, and integration.

What hormonal effects influence gender development?

Organizational effects (prenatal brain development) and activational effects (hormone-triggered behaviors).

What are the three stages of Kohlberg's Gender Development?

Gender Identity, Gender Stability, and Gender Constancy.

What does Gender Schema Theory suggest?

Children form mental representations of gender and sort behaviors and traits by gender relevance.

What is the impact of media on gender stereotypes?

Media reinforces stereotypes, often portraying boys as active and girls as passive or pretty.

What are the five systems in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model?

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem.

What is the outcome of Bandura's Bobo Doll Study?

Children imitate adult aggression, demonstrating the power of observational learning.

What are Baumrind's four parenting styles?

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Neglectful.

What are some risk factors for teen parents?

Poverty, single parenting, and peer influence.

What are protective factors for children of divorced parents?

Authoritative parenting and adult support.

How do children of gay/lesbian parents develop compared to peers from heterosexual families?

They develop similarly, with no significant differences in emotional, social, or gender development.