Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders & Related Conditions

Vocabulary flashcards covering major terms, diseases, and key concepts from Chapter 23: Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders, including parenchymal, pleural, neuromuscular, infectious, and obesity-related conditions.

Restrictive Lung Disease

A category of pulmonary disorders characterized by reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity.

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)

Group of restrictive diseases marked by thickening of the alveolar interstitium, leading to impaired gas exchange.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

A chronic, progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease of unknown cause.

Sarcoidosis

Acute or chronic systemic disease of unknown cause featuring non-caseating granulomas; has an immunologic basis.

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome

A form of obesity-related hypoventilation causing daytime hypercapnia and hypoxemia (Pickwickian syndrome).

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Coronavirus-associated severe pneumonia first reported in 2003.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

Coronavirus infection identified in 2012 in Saudi Arabia, similar to SARS.

COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

Coronavirus infection reported in 2019; spreads via close contact and droplets; presents L- and H-elastin phenotypes.

Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease

Restrictive disorder with widespread thickening of alveolar walls and interstitium.

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Inflammatory reaction from inhaled organic antigens; also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis.

Occupational Lung Disease

Pulmonary disorder caused by inhalation of toxic gases or foreign particles at work.

Pneumoconiosis

Parenchymal lung disease from inhalation of inorganic dust particles.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Acute lung injury with alveolar-capillary damage, noncardiogenic edema, refractory hypoxemia, and diffuse infiltrates.

Refractory Hypoxemia

Low arterial oxygen unresponsive to increasing supplemental O₂; hallmark of ARDS and IRDS.

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)

Ventilator strategy keeping alveoli open at end expiration; standard ARDS treatment.

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

Neonatal syndrome with surfactant deficiency, high surface tension, hyaline membranes, and atelectasis.

Pneumothorax

Air accumulation in the pleural space causing lung collapse.

Primary Pneumothorax

Spontaneous lung collapse due to rupture of subpleural blebs without underlying disease.

Tension Pneumothorax

Progressive air buildup under pressure in pleural space, shifting mediastinum and compromising circulation.

Pleural Effusion

Pathologic collection of fluid in the pleural cavity secondary to disease.

Empyema

Infection and pus accumulation within the pleural space.

Thoracentesis

Needle aspiration of pleural fluid for diagnosis and symptom relief.

Poliomyelitis

Viral disease where poliovirus attacks spinal and brainstem motor neurons, weakening respiratory muscles.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons causing respiratory muscle weakness.

Muscular Dystrophy

X-linked recessive hereditary disorder causing progressive muscle wasting and respiratory compromise.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Acute demyelination of peripheral nerves leading to ascending paralysis; risk of respiratory failure.

Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune disorder with fatigable muscle weakness, improved by rest; may involve respiratory muscles.

Kyphoscoliosis

Combined kyphosis and scoliosis deformity restricting chest expansion.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Chronic inflammatory disease of spinal ligament insertions; 90% have HLA-B27 positivity.

Flail Chest

Multiple rib fractures creating a free segment with paradoxical inward movement during inspiration.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Weight-to-height measurement; obesity defined as BMI > 30 kg/m².

Pickwickian Syndrome

Obesity hypoventilation with somnolence, hypoxemia, polycythemia, and cor pulmonale.

Pneumonia

Inflammation of alveoli and interstitium caused by infection; can be bacterial, viral, atypical, or fungal.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Pneumonia contracted outside the hospital; often bacterial; alveoli fill with exudate.

Viral Pneumonia

Pulmonary infection without exudative fluid; presents with upper respiratory prodrome and wheezing.

Legionnaires Disease

Pneumonia with systemic symptoms (fever, diarrhea) caused by water-borne Legionella bacteria.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Stages

Initial flulike stage, second stage with pulmonary inflammation/ARDS, final stage with multisystem fibrosis.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection forming granulomas and Ghon tubercles in the lung.

Ghon Tubercle

Fibrotic, calcified granuloma representing walled-off TB infection; hallmark of tuberculosis.

Acid-Fast Bacillus (AFB)

Stain-positive mycobacteria; definitive TB diagnosis via sputum culture identifying AFB.

Nonadherence in TB Therapy

Primary cause of treatment failure; requires prolonged (6–9 month) multi-drug regimen.

Intrapulmonary Shunting

Blood passes through non-ventilated alveoli, contributing to refractory hypoxemia.

Computed Tomography (CT)

Imaging modality used to evaluate pleural effusion and other thoracic pathologies.