Chapter 9 Gendered Oppression

patriarch/property marriage

a model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men

breadwinner/homemaker marriage

a model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children

ideology of separate spheres

the idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men

pro-natal

promoting child-bearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child-free

partnership unions

a relationship model based on love and companionship between equals

sexism

the production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female

androcentrism

the production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity

hegemonic masculinity

the form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture

second shift

the unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs

ideal worker norm

the idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities

shared division of labor

one in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work

specialized division of labor

one in which one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework and the other does the inverse

time-use diary

a research method in which participants are asked to self-report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours

ideology of intensive motherhood

the idea that children require concentrated maternal investment

feminization of poverty

a concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender-conforming, heterosexual, cisgender men at the top

glass escalator

an invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations

job segregation

the sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations

androcentric pay scale

a positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees

male flight

a phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it

stalled revolution

a phrase that refers to a sweeping change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized

freedom/power paradox

women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom