Unit5.2Overview of Psychological Disorders and Their Diagnosis

Disordered behavior

Unusual behavior that deviates from typical behavior, is maladaptive (impairs functions), is labeled as abnormal, and is characterized by cognitive or perceptual dysfunction.

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)

A publication by the American Psychiatric Association for the classification of mental disorders.

International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)

A global standard for classifying all diseases and health problems, including mental health conditions.

Psychoanalytic

Negative early childhood experiences or conflicts between the superego and the id.

Humanistic

Low self-esteem or negative self-regard.

Cognitive

Maladaptive thought process.

Behavioral

Reinforcement of depressive behavior.

Biological

Neurons or neurotransmitters.

Sociocultural

Cultural and environmental influences.

Biopsychosocial

A combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences interacts together.

Diathesis-stress model

An application of the biopsychosocial perspective that explains how mental disorders develop.

Key idea of diathesis-stress model

A predisposition (diathesis) + environmental stress = potential mental disorder.

Diathesis

Genetic vulnerability or biological risk (e.g., a family history of anxiety).

Example of diathesis-stress model

A person may have a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia, but only develop symptoms after experiencing extreme stress (e.g., substance abuse or family trauma).

Autism spectrum disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests early in childhood, affecting social communication, social cues, and difficulty engaging with others.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inability to function at home, at work, or at school during activities.

Communication disorders

Language disorders, speech and sound disorders, fluency disorders (Stuttering).

Motor disorders

Coordination issues, stereotypic movement, and tics.

Specific learning disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a person's ability to learn and use academic skills like reading, writing, or math, despite having average or above-average intelligence.