Better ch 7

arteriole

Small artery that carries blood to the capillaries

calyx or calix

Small, cuplike region of the renal pelvis; from the Greek "kalux," meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud

catheter

Tube used to withdraw fluid from, or introduce fluid into, the body

cortex

Outer region of the kidney, containing the glomeruli

creatinine

Nitrogenous waste formed from breakdown of creatinine phosphate in muscle; synthesized in the liver and removed by the kidneys via glomerular filtration and proximal tubular secretion

electrolyte

A charged particle (mineral), such as sodium or potassium, found in blood, tissue, and cells; helps regulate water balance and muscle/nerve function

erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone released by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

filtration

Process of removing water, sugars, wastes, and salts from the blood at the glomerulus (first step in urine formation)

glomerular capsule

Also called Bowman capsule; surrounds each glomerulus and collects the filtrate

glomerulus

A cluster (tuft) of capillaries surrounded by a capsule in the kidney; filters blood; there are about one million per kidney

hilum

Indented area of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter/exit

kidney

One of two organs that filter nitrogenous wastes from the blood to form urine and perform other regulatory functions

meatus

Opening; specifically, the urinary meatus is the external opening of the urethra through which urine leaves the body

medulla

Inner region of the kidney

nephron

The functional unit of the kidney; the combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule; there are more than one million nephrons in a kidney

nitrogenous waste

Waste products containing nitrogen (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) produced from the breakdown of foods

potassium (K+)

An electrolyte filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted by the kidney to help maintain proper body balance

reabsorption

Second step in urine formation; water, sugar, and some salts are returned from the renal tubule back into the bloodstream

renal artery

Blood vessel that carries blood into the kidney

renal pelvis

Central collecting area within the kidney that narrows to form the ureter

renal tubules

Structures attached to each Bowman (glomerular) capsule where reabsorption and secretion take place

renal vein

Blood vessel that carries filtered blood away from the kidney

renin

Enzymatic hormone released by the kidney that helps regulate blood pressure

sodium (Na+)

An electrolyte filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted by the kidney to help maintain proper body balance

trigone

Triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits

urea

Also called carbamide; a nitrogenous waste vital for mammal metabolism; carries waste nitrogen out of the body

ureter

One of two muscular tubes that carry urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

urethra

Membranous tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body

uric acid

Nitrogenous waste from the metabolic breakdown of DNA (purine nucleotides); high blood concentrations can lead to gout

urinary bladder

Hollow, muscular sac in the pelvic cavity that serves as a reservoir for urine

urination (voiding)

Also called micturition; the release of urine through the urinary meatus

gout

A type of arthritis caused by uric acid crystals in the joints

hyperuricemia

High levels of uric acid in the blood

glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney due to infection; can lead to hypertension and renal failure if untreated

interstitial nephritis

Inflammation of the renal interstitium (the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules)

nephrolithiasis

Kidney stones (renal calculi)

nephrotic syndrome

A collection of symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in the urine

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney; polycystic kidneys typically weigh 20 times more than usual

pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

Cancerous tumor of the kidney occurring in adulthood; about 2% of all adult cancers

renal failure

Failure of the kidneys to excrete wastes and maintain filtration function

renal hypertension

High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

Wilms tumor

Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

bladder cancer

Cancer of the urinary bladder

diabetes insipidus (DI)

Condition in which antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately or the kidney is resistant to its effect

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Condition in which insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Blood test that measures urea levels in the blood

creatinine clearance test

Test that measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney

CT urography

CT (computed tomography) imaging of the urinary tract

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

X-ray study showing the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

renal angiography

X-ray study of the renal blood vessels using contrast material

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

X-ray study in which contrast material is injected backward (retrograde) through the ureters into the kidneys

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

X-ray study of the bladder and urethra performed while the patient voids; bladder is filled with contrast material and imaged with x-rays

ultrasonography

Imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves

radioisotope scan

Image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioisotope into the bloodstream

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urography

Imaging technique using a changing magnetic field to produce images of an organ and surrounding structures in three planes of the body

cystoscopy

Direct visual examination of the urinary bladder with an endoscope

dialysis

Procedure to artificially remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer do so

hemodialysis (HD)

Type of dialysis in which blood is filtered through a machine (dialyzer) outside the body

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

Type of dialysis in which dialysis solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity through a catheter and later drained out

lithotripsy

Procedure that uses shock waves to crush stones (calculi)

renal angioplasty

Procedure to widen a narrowed or blocked renal blood vessel

renal biopsy

Removal of a small sample of kidney tissue for microscopic examination

renal transplantation

Surgical procedure to replace a diseased kidney with a healthy donor kidney

urinary catheterization

Insertion of a catheter into the bladder to drain urine

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone

AKI

Acute kidney injury

ARF

Acute renal failure

BILI

Bilirubin

BUN

Blood urea nitrogen

Ccr

Creatinine clearance

CAPD

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Cath

Catheter/catheterization

CCPD

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

CKD

Chronic kidney disease

Cl-

Chloride

CrCl

Creatinine clearance

CRF

Chronic renal failure

C&S

Culture and sensitivity

Cysto

Cystoscopy

eGFR

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

ESRD

End-stage renal disease

ESWL

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

HCO3-

Bicarbonate

HD

Hemodialysis

IC

Interstitial cystitis

IVP

Intravenous pyelogram

K+

Potassium

KUB

Kidneys, ureters, bladder

Na+

Sodium

PD

Peritoneal dialysis

pH

Potential hydrogen (measure of acidity/alkalinity)

PKU

Phenylketonuria

sp gr

Specific gravity

UA

Urinalysis

UTI

Urinary tract infection

VCUG

Voiding cystourethrogram