midterm review

A collection of flashcards covering key vocabulary terms and definitions related to the respiratory and cardiac systems, based on the provided lecture notes.

Diffusion

The transfer of oxygen from the alveoli in the lungs to the bloodstream.

Ventilation

The breathing process involving contraction of the diaphragm and accessory muscles, expanding the ribs to draw air into the lungs.

Perfusion

The movement and absorption of oxygen molecules into body tissues, also known as oxygenation.

Apnea

Cessation of respiration.

Dyspnea

Difficulty or painful respiration.

Hyperventilation

An abnormally fast rate of respiration.

Hypopnea

Excessively deep respiration.

Cyanosis

A bluish tint to the skin due to poor oxygenation.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air exhaled during normal respiration.

Vital Capacity

The total volume of air exhaled after maximum inspiration.

Pneuomothorax

Air in the pleural cavity that prevents lung expansion.

Hemothorax

Blood in the pleural cavity that collapses the lung.

Bronchoscopy

A procedure using an endoscope to view the peripheral bronchi.

Lobectomy

Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung.

Pneumonectomy

Removal of an entire lung.

Cardiac Catheterization

A procedure used to visualize the heart chambers and large vessels.

Ventricular Fibrillation

Chaotic, disorganized stimulation of the ventricles that prevents effective blood pumping.

Atrial Fibrillation

Chaotic stimulation of the atria that prevents normal contraction.

Ischemia

Inadequate blood supply to a localized area due to blockage of vessels.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Fluid that nourishes and washes the brain.

Spina Bifida

A condition caused by incomplete closure of the vertebral arches; can lead to neurological deficits.

Aneurysm

Weakening of arterial walls that can lead to rupture.

Angiography

A process in which contrast medium is injected to visualize blood vessels.

Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

A minimally invasive procedure to treat aneurysms.

Tunica Externa

The outer layer of blood vessels providing structural support.

Tunica Media

The middle layer of blood vessels consisting of smooth muscle.

Tunica Intima

The innermost layer of blood vessels, which secretes substances affecting blood flow.