AP Bio Unit 1 Exam Review

Covalent Bonds

Two or more atoms share electrons (nonmetals)

Nonpolar Covalent

Electrons equally shared

Polar Covalent

Electrons NOT equally shared

Ionic Bonds

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another forming ions

Ionic bonds are between_____

oppositely charged atoms (usually metal and nonmetal)

Cation v. Anion

Cat - pos

An. - neg

Hydrogen Bonds

partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent molecule

NH_²

Amino Group (N-Terminus)

Position needed for a peptide bond to form:

Amino group must be next to the carboxyl group of another amino acid

What codes for proteins?

DNA

Elements in proteins

CHON (S)

monomers of proteins

amino acids

polymers of proteins

polypeptide chains

How are polypeptide chains different from proteins?

Polypeptides are chains of amino acids BEFORE they are folded into proteins

What differs between each amino acid?

Variable side chain (R)

nonpolar amino acids are

hydrophobic

polar amino acids are

hydrophilic

charged/ionic amino acids are

hydrophilic

what determines the shape and function of the protein?

The interaction between side chains

carbs monomers

monosaccharide

elements of carbs

CHO

carbs polymer

polysaccharide

lipids elements

CHO

Lipids monomers

Glycerol & Fatty Acids

Polymer of lipids

NO TRUE POLYMER

elements of nucleic acids

CHONP

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotide

polymer of nucleic acids

polynucleotide (DNA & RNA)

Function of proteins

1. antibody

2. enzyme

3. messenger

4. structural

5. transport/storage

Primary protein structure

Linear chain of amino acids dictates secondary and tertiary forms

primary protein structure is determined via____

genes

Secondary protein structure

coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide backbone

Beta pleated sheet (secondary)

hydrogen bonds between polypeptide chains lying side by side

Alpha helix (secondary)

Hydrogen bonding between every 4th AA

Tertiary protein structure

3D folding due to interactions between side chains of AAs

tertiary structure is reinforced by_____

hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions and disulfide bridges of the side chains

Quaternary protein structure

Association of two or more polypeptides

True or false: Quarternary protein structure is found in every protein

FALSE: only some proteins have this level

Amino group

N-Terminus

Carboxyl group

C-Terminus

Peptide bonds are formed through______

Dehydration synthesis

HCO₂

Carboxyl group (Proteins)

Base pairing is possible because of ______

Hydrogen Bonds

Cat-Gato

Cytosine bonds to Guanine

Tree-Arbol

Thymine bonds to Adenine

The more hydrogen bonds in the base pair, the ______ it is

Stronger

Deoxyribose

No oxygen under the second carbon sugar

Bond that holds nucleotides together

Posphodiester linkages

In RNA, what does adenine bond to?

Uracil

what links adjacent nucleotides

phosphate groups

Sequences of bases along DNA or mRNA dictates ______

primary structure of protein which then dictates 3D structure

DNA has ____ polynucleotides

2 (double helix)

Antiparallelism in DNA

5’ end and opposite side is 3’ end

Pyrimidines

one ring with 6 atoms (4 carbon & 2 Nitrogen)

Purines

2 rings

a phosphate group added to the ___ carbon of the sugar to form a nucleotide

5’

3 parts of nucleotide

1. Nitrogenous base

2. Five carbon sugar (pentose)

3. phosphate group (each monomer only has one phosphate group in polynucleotides)

Do lipids have polymers?

NO TRUE POLYMER OF LIPIDS

Types of lipids

1. Fats

2. Phospholipids

3. Steroids

4. Cholesterol

Fats are composed of_____

Glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerol

alcohol (hydroxyl groups)

Fatty acids

carbon chains (carboxyl group at one end)

___fatty acids join to a glycerol via ____

ester linkage (bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl group)

Saturated fatty acid have____

single bonds between carbons in the carbon chain (more hydrogen)

Unsaturated fatty acid

One or more DOUBLE bonds (fatty tails form kinks)

why are some unsaturated fatty acids more liquid @ room temp than others?

They have more DOUBLE bonds

Phospholipids

two fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a phosphate

Steriods have ___ fused rings

4 (unique groups attached to the ring determine the type)

Cholesterol provides

structural stability to ANIMAL cell membranes