APUSH Chapter 2

Charter

a document granting special privileges, described in general terms the relationship to exist between a colony and the crown

Corporate Colonies

Jamestown, operated by joint-stock companies

Royal Colonies

Virginia after 1624, were to be under direct authority of the king's government

Proprietary Colonies

Maryland and Pennsylvania, were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king

English Settlements

settlers brought tradition of independence and representative government, accustomed to holding elections for representatives who would speak for property owners and approve important measures, feelings for independence grew

George Calvert

Lord Baltimore, granted a colony located on either side of Chesapeake Bay as a reward for loyal service to the crown

Maryland

1632 King believed proprietorship would give him complete control, Baltimore could carry out the King's wishes, Cecil Calvert took over in 1634 to implement plan

Act of Toleration

1649 the first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians, took into account English Catholics who emigrated to Maryland, Protestants soon outnumbered them, called for death to those defying Jesus

Protestant Revolt

late 1600s Protestant resentment against Catholics led to brief civil war, Act of Toleration was repealed, Catholics lost their right to vote, Maryland was much like Virginia except it had greater tolerance of religious diversity

Virginia Economic Problems

1660s low tobacco prices due to overproduction brought hard times to colonies, when Virginia raised tobacco prices, London merchants retaliated by raising own prices

William Berkeley

royal governor of Virginia, adopted policies that favored the large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf, antagonized backwoods farmers on Virginia western frontier, failed to protect settlements

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel, impoverished farmer, seized upon grievances of western farmers to lead a rebellion against Berkeley's government, resented economic control of few large planters, 1676 series of raids and massacres against Indian villages on Virginia frontier, forces succeeded in overthrowing governor, burned Jamestown

Virginia Lasting Problems

Bacon's Rebellion showed sharp class differences between wealthy planters and poor farmers and colonial resistance to royal control, would continue into the next century

Labor Shortages

Chesapeake grew slowly, unhealthy climate and high death rate slowed growth, imbalance between number of men and women slowed growth, most people were men from England and Scotland, tobacco fields required extensive labor to fill fields

Indentured Servants

young people from British Isles agreed to work for a specific period in return for room and board, were under absolute rule of masters until the end of their work period, gained freedom at the end of period

Headright System

Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for his own passage and any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage

Slavery

first Americans came to Virginia arrived in 1619 came aboard Dutch slave ship, Africans were not held as slaves, instead same as servants, struggled to purchase Africans, 1650 only 400 African laborers, 1660 House of Burgesses passed acts discriminating between blacks and whites

Development of New England

strong religious convictions helped to sustain Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colony, dissidents were banished from the Bay colony to found the rest of the colonies

Rhode Island

unique, recognized the rights of the Native Americans and paid them for the use of their land, provided for complete religious toleration, granted charter in 1644 which joined Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, refuge for people of various faiths

Roger Williams

went to Boston in 1631, was respected Puritan minister, believed individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil authority, teachings placed him in conflict, was banished, settled in Providence in 1636

Anne Hutchinson

believed in antinomianism, banished from the Bay colony, founded the colony of Portsmouth in 1638, later killed in Long Island

Antinomianism

the idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation

Connecticut

west of Rhode Island, attracted settlers who were unhappy with Massachusetts authorities, 1665 New Haven joined with Hartford settlers, given a limited degree of self-government

Thomas Hooker

led a large group of Boston Puritans into the valley and founded the colony of Hartford in 1636, drew up Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in American history, established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by a popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature

John Davenport

settled a second settlement in the Connecticut Valley South of Hartford, formed in 1637 given title New Haven

New Hampshire

originally part of Massachusetts Bay, consisted of a few settlements north of Boston, hoping to increase royal control control over the colonies, King Charles II separated from Bay Colony in 1679 and made it a royal colony

Halfway Covenant

1660s generation had passed since founding of first Puritan colonies in New England, native born showed signs of being less committed to religious faith and more to material success, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ

New England Confederation

1640s New England colonies faced threat from Native Americans, Dutch, French, 1643 four colonies formed a military alliance, directed by a board comprised of two representatives from each colony, boundary disputes, return of slaves, dealings with Native Americans, lasted until 1684 when rivalries and renewed control by English ended era, established precedent for colonies taking unified action

King Philip's War

Metacom united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers who were constantly encroaching on the Native Americans' lands, 1675-1676 vicious war killed thousands on both sides and dozens of towns burned, colonial forces prevailed, ending Native American resistance

Restoration

period in English history, name refers to the restoration to power of an English monarch, Charles II, in 1660 following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell

The Carolinas

as a reward for helping Charles II gain throne, eight nobles given land in 1663, 1729 two separate colonies were created

South Carolina

1670 a few colonists from Barbados founded a town, economy was based on trading furs and providing food for the West Indies, large rice-growing plantations worked by African slaves resembled the economy

North Carolina

farmers in the North established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms, region had few good harbors and poor transportation, fewer large plantations and less reliance on slavery, earned a reputation for democratic views and autonomy from British Crown

New York

Charles II wanted to consolidate claims in America, compelled Dutch to give up colony on Manhattan Island, 1664 king granted Duke of York lands lying between Connecticut and Delaware Bay, dispatched forces that easily took control of colony, ordered Dutch settlers be treated well, allowed to worship freely, new taxes, duties, and rents without consent of representative bodies, no assembly, taxation without representation met strong opposition, 1683 granted more rights

Peter Stuyvesant

governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam

New Jersey

James gave land to friends in 1664, made generous land offers and allowed religious freedom and an assembly, eventually sold their proprietary interests to various groups of Quakers, property lines between two parts led to confusion, consolidated to just New Jersey in 1702

John Berkeley and George Carteret

two proprietors who each received half of New Jersey from King James in 1664

Quakers

Religious Society of Friends, believed in equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service, believed religious authority was found within each person's private soul and not in the Bible, widely persecuted and jailed

William Penn

young convert to the Quaker faith, father had been a victorious admiral, respected his son's religious beliefs, debt for his father's debt was paid in the form of Pennsylvania

The Holy Experiment

Penn wanted his new colony to provide a religious refuge for quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, generate income and prfits

Frame of Government

1682-1683 representative assembly elected by landowners

Chart of Liberties

1701 written constitution, guaranteed freedom of worship for all

Pennsylvania

founded by William Penn by the Quakers, Penn was involved in settling, plan for a grid pattern of streets, treated Native Americans fairly and not to cheat them with purchase of land, hired agents and published notices throughout Europe with political and religious freedom promises, Dutch and Swedish colonists came

Delaware

1702 Penn granted counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly, created a separate colony even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvania's until American Revolution

Georgia

1732 last colony chartered, only one to receive direct financial support from home government, Britain wanted to create a defensive buffer to protect prosperous South Carolina plantations, alleviate huge populations of prisoners in England

Georgia Special Regulations

group of philanthropists led by Oglethorpe settled Savannah in 1733, strict regulations including absolute ban on drinking rum and prohibition of slavery, colony did not prosper

James Oglethorpe

Georgia's first governor, put into effect an elaborate plan for making the colony thrive

Georgia Royal Colony

1752 Oglethorpe gave up plan, became royal colony, restrictions on run and slavery were dropped, colony grew slowly by adopting the plantation system of South Carolina, smallest and poorest of 13 colonies

Mercantilism

policy of looking upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength, government should regulate trade and production so it can be self-sufficient, colonies would provide raw materials to parent country for growth and profit, colonies served only to enrich the parent country, French and Spanish techniques were applied to British colonies

Navigation Acts

implemented mercantilist policies, 1650 to 1675 trade to and from the colonies could be carried out only on English or colonial built ships by English or colonial crews, all goods exported from colonies except perishable goods had to go through England, enumerated goods from the colonies could be exported to England only, tobacco, most colonial products

Positive Effects of Navigation Acts

New England shipbuilding prospered, Chesapeake tobacco had monopoly in England, English military forces protected colonies from French and Spanish

Negative Effects of Navigation Acts

colonial manufacturing was limited, Chesapeake farmers received low prices for their crops, colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods from England, negatives far outweighed positives, England would have been primary trading partner anyway, resentment began to grow for regulatory laws imposed, much smuggling took place

Enforcement of Navigation Acts

British government was lax in enforcing the acts, agents were known for corruption, crown would attempt to overcome colonial resistance, 1684 revoked Massachusetts Bay charter

Dominion of New England

James II wanted to increase royal control of colonies by combining them into large administrative units, combined NY, NJ, New England into single unit, Edmund Andros, came to an end when James fell from power

Edmund Andros

sent from England to serve as governor of the Dominion of England, made himself unpopular by levying taxes, limited town meetings, revoking land titles

Glorious Revolution

1688 succeeded in deposing James and replacing him with two new sovereigns, William and Mary

Permanent Restrictions

mercantilist policies remained in force, 18th century more English officials in colonies than any earlier era, restrictions on colonial trade were widely resented and resisted

Slavery

institution became rooted in American society in the closing decades of the 17th century, grew rapidly to tens of thousands in 18th century

Increased Demand for Slaves

reduced migration increased wages in England reduced supply of immigrants, dependable work force as a result of the scare of Bacon's Rebellion of possibility for indentured servant revolt, cheap labor to grow labor-intensive rice and indigo

Slave Laws

1641 Massachusetts became first colony to recognize slavery of "lawful" captives, Virginia 1661 enacted legislation saying children inherited mother's slave status, 1664 Maryland looked slaves into bondage by declaring baptism did not affect slave's status, became customary for whites to regard blacks as social inferiors, etc.

Triangular Trade

ship loaded with rum would start out from New England to West Africa, rum would be traded for Africans, ship would set out on Middle Passage, slaves traded in West Indies for sugarcane, sold to be used for rum, slave-trading entrepreneur made a huge profit

Middle Passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

Metacom

aka King Philip