New Deal: Eric Rauchway

How much did unemployment rise between 1929 and 1933?

From 3.2% to 25.2% of the labor force

What percentage of Cleveland’s workforce was unemployed during the Depression?

50%

How much higher was Black unemployment than white unemployment according to The Nation in April 1931?

4-6x

When did the magazine, ‘The Nation’ report that black unemployment rates were 4-6x higher than that of white?

April 1931

What percentage of Black workers were unemployed in Atlanta in 1934?

nearly 70%

Where and when did black unemployment rates reach 70%?

Atlanta in 1934

What action did the St. Louis Urban League take in 1929 to combat discrimination in hiring?

Launched a national “Jobs for Negroes” boycott of chain stores with mostly Black customers but only white employees

When was the TVA established?

18th may 1933

What did FDR promise the New Deal would bring?

Joy and moral stimulation of work”

According to Rauchway, how did the New Deal compare to other moments of national unity?

“Neither before nor since have Americans so rallied around an essentially peaceable form of patriotism”

Which 7 states were targeted by the TVA?

the poorest 7- inc Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia

What percentage of farms had electricity before the TVA?

Only 2 out of every 100

How many dams did the TVA aim to build?

20 dams

How did the TVA affect average income from 1929 to 1949?

Increased by 200%

What percentage of farms had electricity after the TVA?

75%

How many Americans eventually used affordable TVA electricity?

1.3 million

Which of the TVA dams are still standing?

many, inc the Norris Dam in Tennessee

How did per capita income in the TVA region change?

Rose from below half to nearly 2/3 of the national average within 20 years

To make way for Norris Lake, the reservoir behind the dam, how many acres did the TVA buy and how many families did they displace?

TVA would buy some 150,000 acres and displace around 3,500 families from the basin

What did the TVA say about the 3,500 families displaced for the Norris lake?

We attempt to justify ourselves by hoping that the future progress…will in some way enable these families to raise their standard of living”

When were operations at the Norris Dam inaugerated

4th March 1936

What was one of TVA’s failures regarding race?

It hired Black workers in proportion to local populations, which was still low (2% near Norris Dam).

What was the percentage of black workers hired by the TVA in muscle shoals (north alabama)?

20%

What did the TVA symbolise according to Rauchway?

“How the New Deal could transform a region impoverished by human carelessness”

How many Native Americans were there in the U.S. in 1930?

133,000 out of 122 million people

What act is known as the Indian New Deal and when was it passed?

Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), 18th June 1934

Who led the Indian New Deal?

John Collier, appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1933-1945

What New Deal program had an Indian Division?

the CCC

How many Native men enrolled in the CCC between 1933–1942?

Over 85,000

How many of the CCC’s 72 camps were on Navajo land?

1/3

How much PWA funding went to construction on Indian lands?

$3 million for buildings, $4 million for roads

How much money did Collier get from the AAA?

$800,000 to promote cattle ranching

How much did ranchers go up after the AAA gave $800,000

8,627 to 16,624 - nearly doubled in 6 years

When was the Dawes Severalty Act?

8th Feb 1887

Which President passed the Dawes Severalty Act?

President Grover Cleveland

How much land did Native Americans lose under the Dawes Act?

86 million acres—62% of their pre-1887 holdings

What did Dawes Severalty act in 1900?

“a mighty pulverizing engine for breaking up the tribal mass”

By 1934 how much land did the Natives still that was given to them in 1887?

Only had ⅓ of land given to them in 1887

What was one major critique of Collier’s approach by Navajo leader Jacob C. Morgan?

accused Collier of wanting to preserve the Navajos as a “monkey show” for the entertainment of white tourists

Who accused Collier of wanting to preserve the Navajos as a “monkey show” for the entertainment of white tourists?

Navajo leader Jacob C. Morgan

What happened on Navajo land in 1922?

a major oil strike by a subsidiary of Standard Oil on the Navajo reservation led to a more concerted effort by the administration of Warren Harding and its secretary of the interior, Albert Fall, to ensure drilling rights on Indian lands

What did the actions of Harding and Fall symbolise?

A trend of distrespecting and destroying Native land, gov’s willingness to sacrifice Native rights for profit

How much did Navajo wages increase as a result of the Indian New Deal?

Navajos working for wages increased approximately tenfold

What did the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 do?

extended U.S. citizenship to Native peoples, though it did not assure them voting rights