Ch 4.3 Factors Influencing Cell Structure and Function

Matter

One of the four factors that determine cell structure and function.

Energy

One of the four factors that determine cell structure and function.

Organization

One of the four factors that determine cell structure and function.

Information

One of the four factors that determine cell structure and function.

Proteome

The complete set of proteins a cell makes, determining cell specialization and function.

Genome

The complete set of genetic material in an organism.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus; includes bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi, protists).

Plasma Membrane

Forms a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell, regulating substance movement.

Nucleoid

A region (not a true nucleus) where DNA is located in prokaryotic cells.

Ribosomes

Synthesize proteins, assembling amino acids into polypeptides.

Flagella

Structures that help prokaryotic cells move.

Pili

Structures that help prokaryotic cells attach to surfaces.

Glycocalyx

A sticky outer layer that helps bacteria avoid drying out and evade the immune system.

Cellular Compartmentalization

The division of a eukaryotic cell into membrane-bound organelles for specialized functions.

Nucleus

Stores genetic material (DNA) and controls gene expression.

Mitochondria

Organelle responsible for ATP production, known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

Processes, modifies, and sorts proteins before sending them to their destinations.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells.

Central Vacuole

An organelle found in plant cells but not animal cells.

Cell Wall

An organelle found in plant cells but not animal cells.

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio

A high ratio allows for efficient nutrient uptake and waste removal.

Cell Shape

Elongated or irregularly shaped cells increase surface area without increasing volume too much.

Cell Volume Increase

As a cell's volume increases, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, making it harder to exchange materials efficiently.