Research Methods Exam 2

content analysis

A systematic method for categorizing and quantifying open-ended responses to analyze patterns/themes statistically.

rating scale

A measurement tool that uses an even number of options to avoid a neutral middle choice.

socially desirable responding

When participants answer in a way that is favorable or looks good rather than truthful, potentially biasing data.

response set

A consistent pattern of responding regardless of the content, which reduces the validity of the research.

test-retest reliability

A measure of consistency in a test's results over time.

split-halves reliability

An assessment of equivalence across halves of a test; internal consistency is typically a better option.

inter-rater reliability

A measure used to assess the agreement between multiple raters in observational studies.

criterion validity

The extent to which a test corresponds with a particular criterion, such as concurrent validity with existing measures.

content validity

The degree to which a test measures the entirety of the construct it claims to measure.

sampling frame

A list or database from which a sample is drawn for research purposes.

probability sampling

Sampling methods where every member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected.

quota sampling

A non-probability sampling method where researchers recruit until they reach target numbers per group.

experiment

A research method where random assignment is used to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

quasi-experiment

A research design that lacks random assignment, which can compromise internal validity.

lab experiment

An experiment conducted in a controlled setting to eliminate confounding variables.

field experiment

An experiment conducted in a real-world setting for greater ecological validity.

between-subjects experiment

An experimental design where different participants are assigned to each condition of the independent variable.

within-subjects design

An experimental design where all participants experience all conditions of the independent variable.

carryover effects

When performance in one condition affects performance in another condition in a within-subjects design.

incomplete design

A design where not all possible orders of conditions are presented to each participant.

complete design

A design where all conditions are presented to each participant in every possible order.

internal validity

The degree to which an experiment accurately establishes a causal relationship due to random assignment.