Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Overview

A collection of vocabulary flashcards derived from the lecture notes on biotechnology and genetic engineering.

Biotechnology

Application of science and engineering in the direct or indirect use of living organisms or their parts for specific purposes.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

Combination of DNA molecules from different biological sources into a new DNA molecule.

Plasmid DNA

Extra-chromosomal, self-replicating DNA found in bacteria that is often circular.

Restriction enzymes

DNA-cutting enzymes that excise a piece of DNA from a chromosome for transfer.

Gene Cloning

Process of producing genetically identical copies of biological entities such as DNA fragments or whole organisms.

Transformation

Inserting newly formed recombinant DNA into host cells.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A rapid method for amplifying target DNA sequences.

Transgenic Animals

Animals that have been genetically modified to express a new trait.

Gene Pharming

Transgenic livestock produced biologically active pharmaceuticals for human medicine.

Xenotransplantation

Transfer of organ or tissue from an animal to a human.

Pharmacogenomics

Study of how an individual's genetic makeup affects drug response.

GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)

Any organism that has one or more genes altered using recombinant DNA technology.

Gene Therapy

Technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease by inserting, altering, or removing genes.

Biopharmaceuticals

Drugs produced using biotechnology; commonly proteins or antibodies made using recombinant DNA.

Regulatory Agencies for GE Organisms

Include the FDA, EPA, and APHIS, which oversee safety and efficacy of genetically engineered crops and animals.

Transgenic livestock applications

Include enhancing growth rates, modifying milk composition, and creating disease-resistant animals.

PCR Steps

The process includes Denaturation, Annealing, and Elongation to amplify DNA.

Cloning

The process of creating genetically identical copies of biological entities.

DNA Ligase

Enzyme that forms phosphodiester bonds between blunt or staggered free ends of DNA to create recombinant DNA.

Screening in Cloning

Selecting cells successfully transformed with recombinant DNA.