Unit 1 Review questions, cells and evolution

What are the 4 things that all organisms need?

All - Air

Wild - Water

Squirrels - Space

Nap - Nutrients

What is the purpose of Air?

• plants need CO2 for photosynthesis

• Plants and animals need O2 for cellular respiration

What is the purpose of Water?

It helps organisms carry out cellular activity: DNA Replication, Transporting food and waste, Breaking down food, Protein synthesis, Cell division

What is the purpose of Space to Live?

Provides organisms with a place to get: Food, water shelter

Why do plants need nutrients? (E.g. phosphorous)

Nutrients provide plants with what they need to grow.

• Plants use photosynthesis to create energy but it doesn’t give it all growth materials

• Phosphorous provides it with the building blocks for growth, helps with roots, flowers, and healthy cells

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

Cool - Cells (are made of cells)

Hippos - Homeostasis (maintain internal balance)

Eat - Energy (obtain and use energy)

Really - Reproduce

Tasty - Traits (pass traits to offspring)

Green - Grow (increase size or numbers)

Red - Respond (to their environment)

Cherries - Change (evolve over time as a species)

How are cells organized in the body?

Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems

Define cell

Specialized to carry out different functions

Define tissues

Group of cells that are similar in shape/function

Define organs

Tissues that are organized into larger structures that have one function

Define organ systems

Groups of organs that have related functions

Organism

An individual plant, animal, or single-celled ice form. They can be unicellular or multicellular.

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotes = only unicellular = bacteria

Eukaryotes = can be both unicellular or multicellular

Difference between unicellular and multicellular

Unicellular = only one cell, NO cell specialization

Multicellular = made up of more than one cell, cell specialization

Structure/appearance of the nerve cell, red blood cell and sperm cell related to its function

Nerve cell: sends info from one body part to another, long and thin

Red blood cell: carry oxygen through the body, shaped like flattened disks to move easily though blood vessels

Sperm cell: fertilizes egg cell, strong tail for quick swimming and a distinct head to help it enter the egg cell

Difference between cell specialization and cell differentiation?

Cell differentiation = the process

Cell specialization = result/working

What process is responsible for cell differentiation? Describe the process

Process is called gene expression. It’s when a gene is switched on and off, resulting in different proteins being made

In a heart cell, is the melanin gene turned on or off, why?

Melanin is a skin pigment that protects from UV light. Since the heart is on the inside of the body and never faces UV light, there is no need for the heart cell to have the melanin gene.

What are stem cells, and what can they be used for?

Stem cells can become any cell in the body because it has not undergone cell differentiation yet. It can be used to repair damaged organs, and cure some diseases. Scientists are currently trying to figure out how to regrow limbs with them.

Prokaryotes

All prokaryotes are bacteria, no nucleus, not membrane-bound organelles, simple + unicellular organisms

Eukaryotes

Complex organisms (most living things are eukaryotes), can be unicellular or multicellular, contains organelles surrounded by membranes, (includes nucleus)

Unicellular organism

-Only one cell

-can be prokaryote or eukaryote

-carries out all the functions required to maintain the life of the organism

-no cell specialisation

Multicellular organisms

-made of more than one cell

-cells develop differently (cell differentiation), and have different appearances to suit their function

-are specialized to perform retain functions

Cell differentiation

Process of a cell changing into a different type.

Cell specialisation

Getting to work doing the one specific task

Neurons (nerve cells)

Ends info from one part of the body to the other, it is built long and thin

Red blood cell

They carry oxygen through the body, shaped like flattened disks to move easier through the blood vessels

Sickle cell disease, what is it?

The blood cells are in the shape of a sickle, cause of the change in appearance, the function of carrying oxygen is negatively affected

Sperm cell

Fertilizes the egg cell, strong tail for quick swimming, distinct head for entering the egg cell

Gene expression

The process responsible for cell differentiation. It turns genes on and off to create special proteins.

Stem cell

A cell that has not gone through cell differentiation yet, can be used to repair damaged organs, or cure some diseases

Equation for photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + Water = Oxygen + Glucose sugar

Equation for cellular respiration

Glucose + Oxygen = ATP energy + Carbon dioxide + Water

What does carbon dioxide enter through during photosynthesis?

Stomata

Where does water enter though for photosynthesis?

Roots

Where does oxygen exit during photosynthesis?

Stomata

Where is glucose in photosynthesis? And the arrow?

It is STORED, ←

How does oxygen get into plants/animals in cellular respiration?

Through breathing or diffusion

How does glucose enter plants/animals during cellular respiration?

Enters through consumption

Where is ATP energy created during cellular respiration?

In the mitochondria

How does Carbon dioxide exit the plants/animals during cellular respiration?

Released as waste/exhaled

How does water exit the plants/animals during cellular respiration?

Released as waste/exhaled.