Ch 7 Life Span Development

1. Which of the following statements regarding an infant's vital signs is correct?

A) An infant's heart rate generally ranges between 70 and 110 beats/min.

B) An infant's normal body temperature is typically higher than a preschooler's normal body temperature.

C) By six months of age, an infant's normal tidal volume is 2 to 4 mL/kg.

D) An infant's normal heart rate increases by 10 beats/min each month.

ANS: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 254

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

2. An infant's blood pressure typically increases with age because:

A) the infant's total blood volume decreases with age.

B) his or her normal heart rate usually increases with age.

C) as the infant gets older, his or her blood vessels dilate.

D) blood pressure directly corresponds to body weight.

ANS: D

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 254

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

3. You are dispatched to a call for a 4-month-old infant with respiratory distress. While you prepare to take care of this child, you must remember that:

A) small infants are nose breathers and require clear nasal passages at all times.

B) assisted ventilations in infants often need to be forceful to inflate their lungs.

C) the infant's proportionately small tongue often causes an airway obstruction.

D) an infant's head should be placed in a flexed position to prevent obstruction.

ANS: A

Complexity: Moderate

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 255

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

4. Infants are often referred to as "belly breathers" because:

A) their rib cage is less rigid and the ribs sit horizontally.

B) an infant's ribs are brittle and are less able to expand.

C) their intercostal muscles are not functional.

D) their diaphragm does not receive impulses from the brain.

ANS: A

Complexity: Moderate

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 256

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

5. Which of the following is an anatomic difference between children and adults?

A) The rib cage of an infant is less flexible than an adult's rib cage.

B) An infant's tongue is proportionately larger than an adult's tongue.

C) The trachea of an infant is proportionately longer than an adult's trachea.

D) An infant's head accounts for less body weight than an adult's head.

ANS: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 255

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

6. An infant or small child's airway can be occluded if it is overextended or overflexed because:

A) the back of the head is flat, which prevents a neutral position.

B) he or she has a long neck, which makes the trachea prone to collapse.

C) the occiput is proportionately large and the trachea is flexible.

D) the tongue is proportionately small and can fall back into the throat.

ANS: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Pages 255-256

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

7. Which of the following describes the Moro reflex?

A) When something touches a neonate's cheek, he or she instinctively turns his or her head toward the touch.

B) The neonate opens his or her arms wide, spreads his or her fingers, and seems to grasp at something after being startled.

C) An infant's heart rate decreases secondary to hypoxia because he or she depends heavily on the heart rate to perfuse the body.

D) When the sole of the foot is stroked with a blunt object, the big toe lifts upward and the other toes fan outward.

ANS: B

Complexity: Moderate

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 256

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

8. The anterior fontanelle fuses together between the ages of:

A) 3 and 4 months.

B) 6 and 8 months.

C) 7 and 14 months.

D) 9 and 18 months.

ANS: D

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 257

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

9. You are assessing a 13-month-old female who is running a fever and has been vomiting. While you are performing your physical examination on this child, you will most likely find that she:

A) is unable to track your movements with her eyes.

B) responds to her name but is fearful of your presence.

C) will readily allow you to separate her from her mother.

D) has bulging fontanelles secondary to severe dehydration.

ANS: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 258

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

10. Which of the following are noticeable characteristics of a 9-month-old infant?

A) Places objects in the mouth, pulls himself or herself up

B) Knows his or her name, can walk without any assistance

C) Responds to his or her name, crawls around efficiently

D) Walks without help, becomes frustrated with restrictions

ANS: A

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 257

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

11. In contrast to secure attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment occurs when a child:

A) becomes acutely anxious in the presence of strangers or in unfamiliar surroundings.

B) clings to a parent or caregiver because he or she knows that the person can be trusted.

C) shows little emotional response to a parent or caregiver following repeated rejection.

D) reaches out and explores because he or she knows that the parents are there as a safety net.

ANS: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 257

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

12. At what age does separation anxiety typically peak in infants and small children?

A) 6 to 8 months

B) 10 to 18 months

C) 18 to 24 months

D) 24 to 36 months

ANS: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 258

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

13. An infant or small toddler would most likely gain trust in a person who:

A) provides an organized, routine environment.

B) maintains eye contact, even if the person is a stranger.

C) frequently changes the infant or toddler's regular routine.

D) does not tower over him or her and avoids painful procedures.

ANS: A

Complexity: Moderate

Ahead: Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 258

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-2 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an infant's life.

14. Which of the following statements regarding toddlers and preschoolers is correct?

A) The normal respiratory rate in toddlers and preschoolers is between 12 and 20 breaths/min.

B) Toddlers and preschoolers have well-developed lung musculature, even though they have less lung tissue.

C) Muscle mass and bone density decrease in toddlers and preschoolers because of increased physical activity.

D) Toddlers and preschoolers commonly experience upper respiratory infections because of the loss of passive immunity.

ANS: D

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Toddlers (1 to 3 Years) and Preschoolers (3 to 6 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 259

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Toddlers (1 to 3 Years) and Preschoolers (3 to 6 Years)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-3 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of a toddler's and preschooler's life.

15. The pulse rate of a child from ages 6 to 12 years is approximately:

A) 60 to 100 beats/min.

B) 70 to 120 beats/min.

C) 90 to 140 beats/min.

D) 100 to 150 beats/min.

ANS: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Introduction

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 254

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Introduction

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-4 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of a school-age child's life.

16. In preconventional reasoning, children:

A) make decisions based on their conscience.

B) look for approval from their peers and society.

C) act almost purely to avoid punishment and to get what they want.

D) blame their actions on what they have observed in older children.

ANS: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: School-Age Children (6 to 12 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 260

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See School-Age Children (6 to 12 Years)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-4 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of a school-age child's life.

17. Which of the following is a physical change that typically occurs in the adolescent age group?

A) Secondary sexual development begins.

B) Muscle and bone growth both decrease.

C) The normal pulse rate steadily increases.

D) The systolic blood pressure decreases.

ANS: A

Complexity: Difficult

Ahead: Adolescents (12 to 18 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 261

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Adolescents (12 to 18 Years)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-5 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an adolescent's life.

18. A 16-year-old female complains of vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramping that began several hours ago. During your assessment interview, you should:

A) obtain the majority of your information from one of her parents.

B) inquire about the possibility of pregnancy in private, if possible.

C) avoid asking questions that she will feel uncomfortable answering.

D) recall that patients in this age group prefer not to be treated as adults.

ANS: B

Complexity: Difficult

Ahead: Adolescents (12 to 18 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 262

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Adolescents (12 to 18 Years)

Taxonomy: Application

Objective: 7-5 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an adolescent's life.

19. Which of the following statements regarding psychosocial development in the adolescent age group is correct?

A) Antisocial behavior and peer pressure peak around 14 to 16 years of age.

B) Family conflict decreases as the adolescent gains control of his or her own life.

C) Adolescents are less fixated on their public image than younger children.

D) Because they think rationally, adolescents are at the lowest risk for suicide.

ANS: A

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Adolescents (12 to 18 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 262

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Adolescents (12 to 18 Years)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-5 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an adolescent's life.

20. The human body should be functioning at its optimal level between the ages of:

A) 18 and 22 years.

B) 19 and 25 years.

C) 21 and 30 years.

D) 25 and 35 years.

ANS: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Early Adults (19 to 40 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 263

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Early Adults (19 to 40 Years)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-6 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an early adult's life.

21. The low normal systolic blood pressure for a 30-year-old is:

A) 60 mm Hg.

B) 70 mm Hg.

C) 80 mm Hg.

D) 90 mm Hg.

ANS: D

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Early Adults (19 to 40 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 263

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Early Adults (19 to 40 Years)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-6 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an early adult's life.

22. Physical changes that typically occur in early adults include an:

A) increase in muscle strength and reflexes.

B) increase in height because of spinal disc expansion.

C) increase in fatty tissue, which leads to weight gain.

D) increase in respiratory rate due to increased metabolism.

ANS: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Early Adults (19 to 40 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 263

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Early Adults (19 to 40 Years)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-6 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an early adult's life.

23. The average pulse rate of persons between 19 and 40 years of age is typically:

A) 60 beats/min.

B) 70 beats/min.

C) 80 beats/min.

D) 90 beats/min.

ANS: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Early Adults (19 to 40 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 263

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Early Adults (19 to 40 Years)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-6 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an early adult's life.

24. Which of the following statements regarding middle adults is correct?

A) Cardiovascular health becomes an issue in this age group, as does the greater incidence of cancer.

B) Women in the middle adult age group typically experience menopause in their late 50s or early 60s.

C) Significant impairments in hearing and vision begin to occur in persons between the ages of 41 and 44 years.

D) Increased cholesterol levels in the middle adult age group often do not respond to exercise and diet.

ANS: A

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Middle Adults (41 to 60 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Pages 263-264

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Middle Adults (41 to 60 Years)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-7 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of a middle adult's life.

25. Why do middle adults commonly experience financial concerns?

A) They are typically receiving social security and must budget with a fixed income.

B) Most people in the middle adult age group have chronic illnesses and cannot work.

C) They are preparing for retirement but must still manage everyday financial demands.

D) The majority of middle adults still have small children who live at home with them.

ANS: C

Complexity: Moderate

Ahead: Middle Adults (41 to 60 Years)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 264

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Middle Adults (41 to 60 Years)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-7 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of a middle adult's life.

26. At present, the average life expectancy is ________ years, while the maximum life expectancy is estimated at ________ years.

A) 68, 100

B) 70, 102

C) 72, 110

D) 78, 120

ANS: D

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 264

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

27. Which of the following is not a common factor that would affect a 75-year-old patient's vital signs?

A) Medications

B) Overall health

C) Increased weight

D) Medical conditions

ANS: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Pages 264-265

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

28. The decline in cardiac function that commonly occurs in late adulthood is most often related to:

A) hypotension.

B) medication use.

C) kidney failure.

D) atherosclerosis.

ANS: D

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 264

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

29. You suspect that a 75-year-old man has internal injuries after he fell and struck his ribs and abdomen on the corner of a table. When assessing and treating an injured patient of this age, you must recall that:

A) his ability to physiologically compensate for his injury might be impaired due to an inability to increase cardiac output.

B) it is not uncommon to observe heart rates in excess of 150 beats/min in elderly patients with internal injuries.

C) blood pressure is usually adequately maintained because the blood vessels of older people can contract easily.

D) functional blood volume in patients of this age steadily increases due to increased production of red blood cells.

ANS: A

Complexity: Difficult

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 265

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Application

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

30. With increasing age, the heart must work harder to move the blood effectively because:

A) the blood vessels become stiff.

B) the arteries dilate significantly.

C) diastolic blood pressure decreases.

D) the blood thickens as a person ages.

ANS: A

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 265

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

31. When assessing an 80-year-old patient in shock, it is important to remember that:

A) it is common to see a more significant increase in heart rate than what would be expected in younger adults.

B) age-related changes in the cardiovascular system might make the patient less able to compensate for decreased perfusion.

C) the patient's cardiac output is able to increase by nearly 200% in response to the decrease in perfusion.

D) in older adults, it is especially common to observe a significant decrease in heart rate in response to shock.

ANS: B

Complexity: Difficult

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 265

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Application

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

32. Breathing is often more difficult in older adults because the:

A) elasticity of the lungs decreases.

B) surface area of the alveoli increases.

C) overall size of the airway decreases.

D) diaphragm and intercostal muscles enlarge.

ANS: A

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 265

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

33. Factors that contribute to a decline in the vital capacity of an elderly patient include all of the following, except:

A) a loss of respiratory muscle mass.

B) increased stiffness of the thoracic cage.

C) decreased residual volume.

D) increased surface area available for air exchange.

ANS: D

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 265

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

34. In late adults, the amount of air left in the lungs after expiration of the maximum amount of air:

A) remains unchanged because the lungs have become accustomed to years of breathing pollution.

B) decreases, resulting in widespread collapsing of the alveoli and impaired diffusion of gases.

C) increases, which hampers diffusion of gases because of the stagnant air that remains in the alveoli.

D) decreases, which increases diffusion in the lungs and causes an accumulation of carbon dioxide.

ANS: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Pages 265-266

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

35. Why does the incidence of diabetes mellitus increase with age?

A) Decreased food intake, decreased weight gain, and decreased blood sugar levels

B) Decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased insulin production

C) Increased physical activity, increased food intake, and increased insulin production

D) Decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased blood sugar levels

ANS: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 269

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

36. Age-related changes in the renal system result in:

A) a significant increase in filtration, which causes the excretion of large amounts of water from the body.

B) a decreased ability to clear wastes from the body and a decreased ability to conserve fluids when needed.

C) the formation of large amounts of urine secondary to an increase in kidney mass of up to 20%.

D) dilation of the blood vessels that supply the nephrons, which allows the kidneys to maintain their function.

ANS: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 266

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

37. Which of the following statements regarding age-related changes in the nervous system is correct?

A) Interconnections between brain cells often prevent a loss of knowledge or skill, despite a loss of neurons.

B) The metabolic rate in the brain increases with age, but the consumption of oxygen decreases significantly.

C) Generally speaking, the brain increases in size by 10% to 20% by the time a person reaches 80 years of age.

D) Because of a decrease in the number of brain cells, a person's level of intelligence decreases with age.

ANS: A

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 266

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

38. The risk of bleeding in the skull, which increases with age, is most directly related to:

A) blood vessel dilation.

B) a decrease in neurons.

C) meningeal deterioration.

D) shrinkage of the brain.

ANS: D

Complexity: Moderate

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 266

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

39. When you are communicating with an older patient, it is important to remember that:

A) deafness and blindness are a normal part of the process of aging.

B) most older patients are confused due to a decrease in brain cells.

C) age-related changes diminish the effectiveness of the eyes and ears.

D) the majority of older patients experience a loss of low-frequency hearing.

ANS: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 267

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.

40. Mental function often begins to decline within ___ year(s) before death.

A) one

B) three

C) five

D) eight

ANS: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Subject: Chapter 7, Page 266

Title: Life Span Development

Feedback: See Older Adults (61 Years and Older)

Taxonomy: Recall

Objective: 7-8 Describe the major physical and psychosocial characteristics of an older adult's life.