APWH Ch 5.1-5.5 Vocab Review

Social Contract

The belief that society is built upon people giving up some of their rights and freedoms in exchange for protection from their government.

Montesquieu

This Enlightenment thinker advocated for a limited government contained by a system of checks and balances and separation of powers.

Capitalism / Laissez-Faire

This economic philosophy attributed to Adam Smith emphasized the right of individuals or corporations to own and control the means of production and keep the profits they generate.

Deism

A popular religious belief held by many Enlightenment thinkers that believed in a divine being who created natural laws and then left the universe to run on its own.

Reign of Terror

Ushered in by Maximilien Robespierre, this marked the height of extremism during the French Revolution when thousands were executed by guillotine.

Voltaire

Best known for his social satire Candide, this Enlightenment figure promoted religious liberty and judicial reform.

Napoleon

He became a popular dictator in France after the extremism of the French Revolution carried out by Robespierre.

Enlightenment

The era of history when intellectuals attempted to apply the scientific method to human issues to solve societal problems.

John Locke

This Enlightenment philosopher suggested that the social contract justifies revolution against a tyrannical and unjust government.

Enclosure Movement

The reorganization of land in Europe that consolidated farms into the hands of a small group of large landowners.

Iron and Coal

These two natural resources were essential ingredients for early industrialization.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

This man led a successful slave revolt that helped free Haiti from French control.

Battle of Saratoga

This American Revolution battle proved to be a turning point by boosting morale and convincing France to aid the Americans.

Utopian Socialism

This economic system stressed that communes of people should own the means of production to create an ideal society.

Japan

This nation was the first Asian country to begin industrialization.

Mary Wollstonecraft

This English writer argued that universal education for women would prepare them for professional and political life and allow independence from men.

Italy and Germany

The unification of these two countries in the late 1800s disrupted the balance of power in Europe.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869, this connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and helped facilitate industrial growth in North America.

Cotton

The mechanization of this industry replaced flax and linen and helped Great Britain surpass India as the leading world producer.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

This construction stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean and allowed Russia to trade more easily with East Asia.

Cottage System

The system of production prior to industrialization where raw materials were turned into finished goods in people's homes.

Mass Production through the Division of Labor

The breaking down of production into simple, repetitive tasks to produce goods faster and cheaper.

James Watt

His improvements to the steam engine made it more efficient and allowed coal to be used as an inexpensive energy source.

Alexander Graham Bell

His invention of the telephone in 1876 was the next major step in communication after the telegraph.

Interchangeable Parts

This idea implemented by Eli Whitney allowed for mass production by using identical machine parts.

Second Industrial Revolution

This late-19th-century period saw Britain, the U.S., and Germany become major industrial powers and emphasized steel, chemicals, and electricity.

Seneca Falls Convention

Activists at this New York gathering promoted women's rights and suffrage, marking a landmark in women's history.

Bessemer Process

This process simplified iron purification and enabled the mass production of steel.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

This early French Revolution document outlined basic natural rights and freedoms.

Simón Bolívar

This man led Latin American independence movements against Spain, hoping to create a federation similar to the United States.

Industrialization

The massive shift from an agrarian, handcrafted economy to one of machine-based factory production