Water, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance

Flashcards created from lecture notes on water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance concepts.

Dynamic balance

Input equals output in terms of body fluid management.

Intracellular fluid compartment

About 63% of total body water is found within cells.

Extracellular fluid compartment

About 37% of total body water is found outside of cells, including plasma and interstitial fluid.

Osmotic pressure

Pressure that causes net movement of fluid due to changes in ion concentrations.

Hydrostatic pressure

Blood pressure that moves fluid from plasma to interstitial spaces.

Water intake

Average 2,500 ml/day, primarily through fluids, foods, and respiration.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone that stimulates increased water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Electrolytes

Ions that carry an electric charge, essential for cellular function.

Acid-base balance

Regulates the concentration of H+ ions in body fluids.

Buffer system

Chemical systems that minimize changes in pH by neutralizing acids or bases.

Bicarbonate buffer system

A key buffer system that involves H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-).

Protein buffer system

Buffer system that involves proteins and their ability to bind or release H+.

Normal blood pH

The normal pH range of human blood is between 7.35 and 7.45.

Renal regulation of electrolytes

Kidneys regulate electrolyte levels through secretion and reabsorption mechanisms.

Hypernatremia

Condition of having too much sodium in the body.

Hyponatremia

Condition of having too little sodium in the body.

Dehydration

Condition where body fluids become more concentrated, triggering thirst.

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in body tissues.

Thirst center

Region in the brain that regulates the sensation of thirst.

aquaporins

protein opened by ADH that open to allow water to pass through the cell membrane

52% of weight comes from water because of insoluble fat

women

63% of weight comes from water because of soluble proteins

men

how much water does the body hold on average

40 L

transcellular fluid

specialized fluid separated by epithelial layers

-cerebral spinal

-humors

-synovial

-serous

-glandular secretions

Intracellular high concentration

K, Mg, PO4

high concentration extracellular

NA, Cl, HCO3

sources of water

fluids and food - 90%

respiration- 10%

regulation of water intake

loss of body water, osmoreceptors in hypothalamus, drinking/ stomach swell, absorption in intenstines, osmotic pressure returns

output of water

-urination 48%

-evaporation at skin and lungs 46%

-loss in feces 6%

water output due to dehydration

body fluid more concentrated, osmoreceptors detect decreased osmostic pressure, hypothalamus tells pituary to release ADH, blood carries ADH to kidney, ADH stimulates water reabsorption in DCT, less urine produced

water output due to excess water input

body fluids less concentrated, osmoreceptors detect increased osmotic pressure, hypothalamus stops ADH release, greater urine production

intake of electrolytes

foods, beverages, by-products of metabolism

output of electrolytes

urine, sweat, feces

aldosterone

-stimulates tubular reabsorption of Na

• stimulates tubular secretion of K

PTH

-stimulates osteoclasts to release Ca2 from bones

-stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Ca2

hypklemia

too low of potassium

hyperklemia

too high of potassium

hyponatremia

too low sodium

hypernatremia

too high sodium

acidemia

blood is too acidic

alkalemia

blood is too basic

aerobic repiration of glucose

carbonic acid

anaerobic respiration of glucose

lactic acid

incomplete oxidation of fatty acids

ketone bodies

oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur

sulfuric acid

breakdown of phospholipids and nucleic acids

phosphoric acid

chemical buffers

bicarbonate- ECF

Phosphate- ICF

Protein- ICF

physiological buffers

respiratory excretion of CO2

-renal excretion of H

renal excretion of H

NH3 combines with H to make NH4 which cant diffuse

primary reproductive organs (gonads)

produce sperm and hormones

secondary reproductive organs

maintains maintain and deliver sperm

spermatic cords

carries sperm cells, blood vessels, and nerves between the abdomen and testicles.

cremaster muscle

uncontrolled skeletal muscle wrapped around spermatic cord; protection, maintain temp

scrotum

sac like cavity

descent of testes

pronephrons (first kidneys)

mesonephrons (ovaries)

metanephros

fibromuscular gubernaculums

testosterone stimulates and gets pulled through inguinal canal

tunica vaginalis

pocketthat surrounds the testes.

tunica albugima

The fibrous sheath that encases the testes, providing support and protection.

divides into 250 lubules

septa

creates lobules

seminiferous tubes

where sperm cells are produced

inside the lobules

spermatogenic cells

stem cells that give rise to sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis.

interstitial cells

outside of tubules, produced androgens

sertoli cells

nurse cellsthat support and nourish developing sperm cells. take care of spermatogenic cells

blood testies barrier

tights junctions forming basal layer and luminal layer'; isolating from immunity

spermatogenisis

spermatogonia-spermatid

spermiogenisis

spermatids-spermatozoa (maturation)

acrosome

digestive enzyme on the head of spermatozoa that allow entry into the egg

what gives flagella of the sperm energy

cellular respiration from the mitochondria wrapped around the body

epididymis

threadlike tube lined with pseudostratified epithelium that suuports stored maturing sperm

sperm is in suspended animation

vas deferens

tube that transports sperm into the abdomen to connect with the duct from the seminal vessicle (forms the ejaculatory duct)

seminal vesicle

sac-like structure at the base of the urinary bladder

what does the seminal vesicle secrete

alkaline substances- regulates the pH in male reproductive/urinary tract

fructose- simple sugar for sperm energy

prostaglandins- stimulate muscular contractions in the female for sperm dispersal

prostate gland

gives semen milky look; chesnut shaped gland surrounding the urethra at the base of the bladder

what does the prostate gland secrete

alkaline substances- regulate pH in male and female reproductive tracts; nutrilize acidic sperm cells and vagina so enzymes can work

lubricant- enhances sperm motility

semenogelin- helps form sperm clot

serine proteases- breakdown sperm clot

bulbourethral gland (cowpers gland)

secrete mucous for lubercation of the penis during intercourse; first released during arousal; nutrilizes tract (urine was there first);

semen (mixture)

prostatic fluid, sperm, seminal fluid (order) 2-5ml ejaculated'; 120million sperm in 1 ml

capacitation

sperms ability to fertilize an egg when mixed in semen

scrotum

houses testes; wrapped in cremaster and dartos smoothe muscle; tightens or relaxes to maintain temperature

penis

conveys urine and semen through the urethra out of the body

three columns of erectile tissue in the body of the penis

two dorsal corpa cavernosa- areteries that are constricted

one ventral corpus spongiosum- keeps urethra open for semen

glans penis

bears urethral opening

skin is thin, contains many sensory receptors

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

stimulates the anterior pituary

lutenizing hormone (LH)

stimulates cells of leydig to secrete male sex hormones (androgens)

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates sustentacular cells to stimulate spermatogenic cells to undergo spermatogenisis

testoterone

sex drive; primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics;

female primary reproductive organs

ovaries- produce eggs and hormones

female secondary reproductive organs

receive sperm;maintain,deliver,andnourisha baby

what supports the ovaries and holds them in place

broad ligament- serous membrane

suspensory ligament

ovarian ligament

mesovarium- full of blood vessels; nourishes

two layers of the ovary

medulla- loose connective tissue with nerves, blood vessels, lymph

cortex- more compact tissue with granular ovarian follicles

oogenesis

processes of making egg cells

primordial follice

egg (oocyte) surrounded by follicular cells

atresia

only the best follicles survive

oogenium

female stem cell

ovulation

the process of meosis 1 in every 28 days after puberty; releasing the egg from the follicle; results in a secondary oocyte and polar body

ovum

mature egg; only produced if fertilized; from meosis 2

zona pellucida

clear level of proteins surrounding the oocyte after fertilization; stops the second sperm from getting to the egg

granulosa cells (inside); thecal cells (outside)

release estrogen

atrium

pocket od fluid

polar body

a little part of DNA that eventually breaks down

corona radiata

used to be granulosa cells,which surround the oocyte and provide nutrients.