APUSH Period 4 1800-1848

Thomas Jefferson

Won 1800 election and brought democratic-republicans to power, made a limited central gov, stayed neutral in foreign affairs

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson’s administration purchased westward land from France which doubled the U.S. size and gave them the port of New Orleans which opened up commerce

Aaron Burr

Tied with Jefferson for 1800 election, given vice president, not renominated for 2nd term of VP, threatened to break up union, shot Hamilton

Lewis and Clark

Set out on scientific exploration of the west in 1804, gained greater geographic knowledge, better relations with natives, and more accurate maps

John Marshall

Federalist chief justice of supreme court, appointed by Adams, went against Jefferson’s views a lot, very persuasive and influential to other judges

Judicial Review

Supreme court’s ability to rule Congress’s laws unconstitutional

Marbury vs. Madison

John Adams tried to appoint “midnight judges”, Marbury said Jefferson couldn’t block the appointments, Judiciary act of 1789 became unconstitutional, Marbury didn’t get his appointment, Judicial Review is established

McCulloch vs. Maryland

US put a bank in Maryland and Maryland taxed it, Marshall said they couldn’t tax and the bank is an implied power

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

New Hampshire law turned Dartmouth from private to public, Marshall ruled state didn’t have that right

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Marshall ruled that New York couldn’t grant a monopoly to a steamboat company and established federal government control of interstate commerce

Era of Good Feelings

Used to describe Monroe’s time in office, 1817-1825, lots of optimism and nationalism in the U.S.

James Monroe

5th U.S. President, from Virginia, fought in revolutionary war, worked for other presidents, democratic-republican

Henry Clay

Leader in the house of representatives, proposed the American System for economic growth

American System

created by Henry Clay to control economic growth

1. protective tariffs 2. national bank 3. internal improvements

Bank of the U.S.

federal bank controlling money

Panic of 1819

bank tightened credit to control inflation, many fell into debt, unemployment, and bankruptcies. Changed people’s views on nationalism

Missouri Compromise

federal law passed in 1820 that temporarily settled the debate over slavery expansion by making Missouri a slave state and Maine a free state

John C. Calhoun

South Carolinian, Democratic-republican in House of Representatives known as a warhawk, argued that war with Britain would defend American honor

Hartford Convention

meeting of delegates to discuss New England secession from U.S. during war of 1812. New England federalists opposed war and democratic-republicans. 2/3 vote for war in Congress established

Tecumseh

Shawnee warrior who got tribes together. Americans got suspicious and attacked, ending Tecumseh’s efforts at an Indian confederation

William Henry Harrison

Governor of Indiana Territory who took aggressive actions to stop Tecumseh

Battle of Tippecanoe

battle where General Harrison destroyed Shawnee headquarters and ended Tecumseh’s plan

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who rose during French revolution, sold Louisiana Territory to U.S., created political instability that started war of 1812

Barbary Pirates

people attacking and seizing U.S. ships off of North Africa and demanding money to stop

Impressment

British Navy seized U.S. sailors and used them to work for them, led to war of 1812

Chesapeake-leopard Affair

British warship attacked U.S. ship off of Virginia killing 3 Americans and impressment of 4 more

Embargo Act

Jefferson’s law prohibiting U.S. ships to sail to foreign ports in hopes of stopping British attacks, instead created economic hardships for U.S., later repealed by Madison

James Madison

President after Jefferson, took U.S. to war against Britain

Nonintercourse Act

law made by Madison saying Americans could now trade with all nations except for Britain and France

War of 1812

war outbreak between U,S, and Britain because of U.S. struggles for rights at sea and troubles with British on western frontiers. Madison declared the war

Andrew Jackson

Strong U.S. general during war of 1812, later became U.S. president

Battle of New Orleans

January 8, 1815, happened 2 weeks after treaty was signed to end the war but troops hadn’t heard the news yet

Treaty of Ghent

peacemakers made treaty in Belgium on December 24, 1814 to end fighting between Britain and U.S.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. foreign policy by Madison that opposed further European colonization in America and warned European powers to stay out

Francis Scott Key

singer/songwriter of the star-spangled banner

Erie Canal

water system in New York that greatly improved economy because of trading routes and improved transportation

Robert Fulton

developed steamboat, Clermont

Steamboats

created easier transportation on rivers, made it a lot faster to travel and transport freight

railroads

made in 1820s, linked cities with trains, competed with steamboats for transportation of passengers and freight

telegraph

transmitted messages through wires, made in 1844

Eli Whitney

developed cotton gin and a system for rifles using interchangeable parts

Interchangeable parts

identical pieces used to make a final product - rifles - helped with mass production during war of 1812

Factory System

method of manufacturing brought to the U.S., made things faster, financial and business growth idea brought from Sam Slater

Lowell System

using young farm women to work in factories and house them in dorms

Textile Mills

factories that transform fibers into yarn + fabric

cotton gin

machine created to pick cotton more efficiently

Market Revolution

transformation of U.S. economy in early 1800s because of new inventions, more commercial and industrial

Common Man

average American citizen in 1820s-1830s. More ordinary white men could be a part in politics

universal white male suffrage

expansion of voting rights to all white males regardless of property

party nominating convention

regular citizens would meet and vote on party candidate

King caucus

a closed door meeting of a political party’s leader in Congress to elect party candidate

popular election of president

voters of a state voted for president

anti-masonic party

first group to hold a party nomination convention

working man’s party

smaller party who reached out to people to get them on their side

popular campaigning

candidates focused on the voters and had parades and rallies to get voters

spoils system

winning political party rewarded its supporters with jobs and favors

Indian-removal act

Jackson, not supportive of natives, signed a law removing thousands of natives from their homes

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

Georgia tried to force Cherokees west but they brought it to supreme court. SCOTUS sided with Georgia and said Cherokee isn’t foreign and couldn’t sue the state

Worcester vs. Georgia

SCOTUS ruled Georgia can’t kick out Cherokee. However, Jackson didn’t have to follow ruling

Trial of Tears

forced removal of 60,000 natives from south-eastern states. Many died from diseases and starvation.

Nicolas Biddle

U.S. bank president, abused power + only helped the rich

Martin Van Buren

Jackson’s VP, won 1836 election, financial problems began right as he entered office

John Quincy Adams

president between Monroe and Jackson. Tied with Jackson + Clay, House of Reps chose him and he picked Clay as VP. Jackson fans hated him

Corrupt Bargain

Jackson’s supporters claimed Adams and Clay made a “corrupt bargain” to win presidency in 1836.

Revolution of 1828

refers to 1828 election where Jackson beat Quincy Adams, intense personal attacks against candidates

States’ Rights

favored by Jackson, states make their own laws, less federal gov control

Nullification Crisis

confrontation between South Carolina and U.S. over tariffs, tested states’ rights vs. federal gov. Jackson opposed nullification

two-party system

under Jackson, 2 parties came back. Jackson supporters were Democrats, Henry Clay supporters were whigs, based off of federalists

log cabin and hard cider campaign

1840 Whigs’ campaign for William Henry Harrison against Martin Van Buren, presented Harrison as a humble frontier hero

John Noyes

underwent a religious conversion and started cooperative Oneida community

Oneida Community

group created by John Noyes that valued sharing, shared land + marriage partners

Transcendentalists

questioned rules of churches and business practices. Thinking to discover one’s inner self was promoted. Valued individualism

Ralph Waldo Emerson

transcendentalist writer. Urged U.S. to create American culture. Argued for self-reliance and individualism. Critic of slavery

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist, used observations in nature. went to jail for opposing taxes. Write essays “Walden” and “On civil disobedience”

Brook Farm

launched by George Ripley, a community of transcendentalists

Margaret Fuller

Feminist writer and author who was at Brook Farm

Hudson River School

paintings expressing romantic age’s fascination with the natural world. Highlighted America’s beauty

Second Great Awakening

religious revival in U.S. in 1800s, reasserted Puritan beliefs and tradition

Charles Finney

Presbyterian minister who started revivals in New York. Influenced people to publicly declare their faith

Church of Jesus Christ Latter-day Saints/mormons

founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 in New York - beliefs based on book of mormon

Joseph Smith

founder of Mormon church

Brigham Young

led Mormon church followers to western frontier after Smith’s death

American Temperance Society

tried to persuade alcohol drinkers to stop during time of high alcohol consumption

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

helped temperance movement gain more support in 1870s

Dorothea Dix

former school teacher who advocated for better mental health treatment

Horace Mann

secretary of Massachusetts board of education who advocated for public school movement

McGuffey Readers

elementary textbooks used widely to teach reading and morality

Susan B Anthony

led campaign for voting, legal, and property rights for women

William Lloyd Garrison

began publication of abolitionist newspaper “the liberator” - marks beginning of abolitionist movement

Frederick Douglass

formerly enslaved, spoke out against slavery and racial prejudice. 1847 started “North Star”, an antislavery journal

Harriet Tubman

led slaves through underground railroad to freedom

Sojourner Truth

helped organize effort to assist slave’s escape

Nat Turner

enslaved Virginian who led revolt against owners and killed 55 whites, hundreds of slaves killed in return

Antebellum Period

period before civil war where many reforms happened

Seneca Falls Convention 1848

first women’s rights convention where leading feminists met to declare equal rights

Lucretia Mott

campaigned for women’s rights after being barred from speaking at an antislavery convention with Stanton

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

campaigned for women’s rights with Mott after being barred from speaking at an antislavery convention

King Cotton

southern economy’s dependence on cotton production