anatomy and physiology chapter 2

vision

radiant and electrical

ion

electrically charged atom

electrons

subatomic particles that determine an atoms chemical behavior or bonding ability

cation

positive ion

anion

negative ion

inorganic

any compound not containing carbon-hydrogen bonds, typically consisting of minerals and salts.

organic

relating to or derived from living matter, containing carbon-based compounds.

what four elements make up 96% of body

mass: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (65), nitrogen

what is the function of potassium

nerve impulses and muscle contraction; it is essential for maintaining fluid balance and cellular function.

function of magnesium

present in bone, also an important cofactor for enzyme activity in a number of metabolic reactions

enzymes are a what and what do they do

protein and they speed up reactions

atomic mass

neutrons and protons

atomic number

protons

atomic weight

the weighted average mass of an element's isotopes.

isotopes

atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons.

covalent bond

a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

ionic bond

a type of chemical bond formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in attraction between oppositely charged ions.

hydrogen bonds

weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, commonly oxygen or nitrogen.

acid

a substance that donates protons (H+) in a chemical reaction, typically having a sour taste and turning litmus paper red.

base

a substance that accepts protons (H+) in a chemical reaction, often having a bitter taste and turning litmus paper blue.

pH scale

is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.

carbs

a classification of macromolecules also known as carbohydrates, which are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are a primary source of energy for living organisms. CHO

protein

A macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids, serving various functions including catalyzing biochemical reactions, providing structural support, and facilitating transport within organisms, CHON

lipids

A diverse group of hydrophobic organic molecules, primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, which include fats, oils, and steroids, serving as energy storage and structural components of cell membranes. CHO

nucleic acids

Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information, made up of nucleotide monomers containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHONP).

monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules such as glucose and fructose, which serve as building blocks for more complex carbohydrates. CHO

polysaccharide

Complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharides, serving as energy storage and structural support in cells. CHO

disaccharide

A carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond, common examples include sucrose and lactose. CHO

building block of carbohydrates and example

monosaccharide such as glucose

saturated fat

A type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have no double bonds, typically solid at room temperature and found in animal products.

unsaturated fats

Fats that contain one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains, usually liquid at room temperature and found in plant oils.

trans fats

A type of unsaturated fat that has been hydrogenated to become solid at room temperature. They are commonly found in processed foods and are associated with negative health effects.

nucleotide

The basic building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and one or more phosphate groups. Nucleotides are essential for storing and transmitting genetic information.

what does cholesterol give us

Cholesterol provides structure to cell membranes, serves as a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones, and aids in the production of vitamin D and bile acids.

What is always needed for nerve cells to conduct electrical impulses

Na+ and K+ (Sodium/Potassium)

the most abundant negative ion in extracellular fluid is

chlorine

substances that ionize in water/good electrolytes

acids/bases/salts

ionize in water to release ions other than H and OH

salt

formed when an acid and base combine

salt

prevents rapid swings in pH

buffers

examples of fibrous proteins

collagen and keratin

examples of globular proteins (Functional)

hemoglobin, hormones, enzymes

biologic catalyst

enzyme

plant storage carbohydrate

starch

animal storage carbohydrate

glycogen

steriod examples

hormones and cholesterol

double sugars/ disaccharides

maltose,lactose

is carbon dioxode inorganic or organic?

inorganic

is h20 inorganic or organic?

Inorganic

is protein organic or inorganic?

organic

is oxygen inorganic or organic

Oxygen is considered inorganic, as it does not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.

is KCl inorganic or organic

inorganic

carb ratio

1-2-1

glycogen

Glycogen is a polysaccharide (multiple glucose)

hydrolysis vs dehydration synthesis

Hydrolysis is a chemical process that breaks down compounds by adding water, while dehydration synthesis combines molecules by removing water.