Biology 160 Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Bonds

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Last updated 7:10 PM on 9/8/26
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41 Terms

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atom

The basic unit of a chemical element.

<p>The basic unit of a chemical element.</p>
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electron

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge, orbits the nucleus, and participates in chemical bonds.

<p>A subatomic particle that has a negative charge, orbits the nucleus, and participates in chemical bonds.</p>
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proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

<p>A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom</p>
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Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

<p>Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons</p>
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ion

An atom that has extra or missing electrons

<p>An atom that has extra or missing electrons</p>
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Anion

A negatively charged ion; has extra electrons

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Cation

A positively charged ion; is missing electrons

<p>A positively charged ion; is missing electrons</p>
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Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

<p>A pure substance made of only one kind of atom</p>
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Substance

Matter that has a uniform and definite composition

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Pure substance

A substance made of only one kind of matter and having definite properties.

<p>A substance made of only one kind of matter and having definite properties.</p>
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Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

<p>A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined</p>
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Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

<p>A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances</p>
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Heterogeneous mixture

A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture

<p>A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture</p>
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Homogeneous mixture

A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture

<p>A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture</p>
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Colloids

a mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out; cloudy

<p>a mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out; cloudy</p>
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molecule

2 or more elements chemically combined.

<p>2 or more elements chemically combined.</p>
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Compound

2 or more different elements chemically combined

<p>2 or more different elements chemically combined</p>
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Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time

<p>A heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time</p>
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Solid

A form of matter that has a definite shape and volume

<p>A form of matter that has a definite shape and volume</p>
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Liquid

A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.

<p>A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.</p>
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Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume

<p>A state of matter with no definite shape or volume</p>
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Neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

<p>A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom</p>
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covalent bond

a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

<p>a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons</p>
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ionic bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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hydrogen bond

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

<p>A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.</p>
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chemical reaction

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

<p>the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances</p>
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Electronegativity

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

<p>A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons</p>
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radioactive isotope

an isotope that has an unstable nucleus and that emits radiation

<p>an isotope that has an unstable nucleus and that emits radiation</p>
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trace elements

elements required by an organism in only minute quantities

<p>elements required by an organism in only minute quantities</p>
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valence electrons

The electrons in the outermost shell (main energy level) of an atom; these are the electrons involved in forming bonds.

<p>The electrons in the outermost shell (main energy level) of an atom; these are the electrons involved in forming bonds.</p>
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electron shells (energy levels)

electrons occupy orbits or generally fixed regions of space around the nucleus

<p>electrons occupy orbits or generally fixed regions of space around the nucleus</p>
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Reactants

A starting material in a chemical reaction

<p>A starting material in a chemical reaction</p>
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Products

Ending materials in a chemical reaction.

<p>Ending materials in a chemical reaction.</p>
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octet rule

States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

<p>States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons</p>
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atomic number

the number of protons in an atom

<p>the number of protons in an atom</p>
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polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

<p>A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally</p>
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nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

<p>a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms</p>
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polar molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

<p>molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end</p>
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ionic compound

A compound that consists of positive and negative ions

<p>A compound that consists of positive and negative ions</p>
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atomic symbol

A one or two letter abbreviation for an element

<p>A one or two letter abbreviation for an element</p>
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atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

<p>Number of protons and neutrons</p>