Health Psych Exam 1 Study

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Communicable:

an illness that can spread from one person to another, or from animals to humans, through various means like physical contact, bodily fluids, or airborne transmission.

Non-communicable:

also known as chronic diseases, are conditions that cannot be transmitted from one person to another.

Examples of communicable diseases:

TB (Tuberculosis), Flu, Measles, HIV, AIDS

Examples of non-communicable diseases:

diabetes, heart disease, cancer, asthma, obesity

Prospective means:

that something is expected to occur in the future, often used in research studies to predict outcomes over time.

Retrospective means:

that something is considered or analyzed after it has already occurred, often used in research studies to examine past events or data.

What is a randomized control trial:

Participants are randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the control group, allowing researchers to compare outcomes.

What is a correlational study:

A research design that assesses the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them, helping to identify patterns and potential associations.

Epidemiology is:

the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations and the factors that influence their distribution.

Morbidity is:

the state of being diseased or the incidence of disease within a population.

Etiology is:

the study of the causes of diseases and their effects on health.

Types of chronic diseases caused by smoking:

lung cancer, heart disease, respiratory illnesses

Reasons/ways smokers can be successful in quitting smoking:

Strategies include support groups, nicotine replacement therapy, and behavioral therapy.

Most death between ages 15-30 is:

External causes (accidents, homicides, suicides)

What type of abuse is ACE:

Adverse Childhood Experiences, primarily involving emotional, physical, or sexual trauma.

Most prevalent form of ACE:

Physical abuse was most prevalent.

What is health psychology?

How psychological, behavioral, social factors influence health.

Meta-analysis is:

a statistical technique that combines results from multiple studies to identify overall trends and effects.

Function of Cardiovascular system:

To circulate blood, deliver oxygen and nutrients, and remove waste products.

Function of respiratory system:

To facilitate gas exchange, providing oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide.

Function of endocrine system:

To regulate bodily functions through hormones and maintain homeostasis.

Function of digestive system:

To break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste.

Function of nervous system:

To transmit signals between different parts of the body, coordinating responses and regulating bodily functions.

Educational vs Fear appeals to change behavior

Educational appeals provide information and knowledge to encourage behavior change, while fear appeals use alarming messages to evoke fear, motivating individuals to act to avoid negative outcomes.

Cognitive behavioral approaches:

by identifying and modifying unhelpful thoughts and behaviors to promote healthier actions. (encourage self-control of behavior)

Motivational interviewing:

A counseling approach that helps individuals resolve ambivalence and find intrinsic motivation to change by enhancing their own commitment to change.

Relapse prevention:

A strategy aimed at helping individuals maintain behavior change by anticipating and coping with potential triggers for relapse.

Transtheoretical model of change:

A theoretical framework for understanding how individuals progress through stages of change in adopting healthier behaviors, including precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

Precontemplation:

Not yet considering change, often unaware of the problem or the need for change.

Contemplation:

Individuals recognize the need for change and start to think about making a change but have not yet committed to taking action.

Preparation:

Planning for change and may start taking small steps towards it, showing a higher level of intention and commitment to act.

Action:

Individuals actively implement their plans to change behavior and engage in new, healthier actions.

Maintenance:

Individuals work to sustain the changes they have made and prevent relapse. This phase involves continuous practice of new behaviors and coping strategies.

Social engineering:

A strategy that involves using psychological principles to influence and improve individual and community health behaviors.

Exercise Benefits:

Exercise provides numerous physical and mental health benefits, including improved cardiovascular health, enhanced mood, weight management, improved sleep, improves immune system, and promotes neurogenesis.

Alcohol is the ___ leading cause of preventable death:

third

Liver Cirrhosis is an outcome of:

chronic alcohol consumption leading to liver damage.

Cigarette smoking is the ____ cause of preventable death:

leading

Smoking linked to numerous chronic diseases:

such as lung cancer, heart disease, strokes, and respiratory disorders.

Medical risks associated with obesity:

include diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases.

What are obesogenic environments:

Obesogenic environments are surroundings that promote obesity by encouraging high-calorie food consumption and sedentary behavior, often due to a lack of access to healthy foods and opportunities for physical activity.

What is weight stigma?

Weight stigma refers to the discrimination and negative attitudes directed at individuals based on their weight. It can lead to psychological distress and negatively impact physical health.

Preventive measures for obesity during childhood:

include promoting healthy eating habits, encouraging regular physical activity, and reducing screen time to foster a healthy lifestyle.

Anorexia is:

a serious eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. It often involves an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image.

Bulimia is:

a serious eating disorder marked by episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise. It often coexists with feelings of shame and guilt.

Stress =

Negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical physiological cognitive and behavioral changes.

First stage of stress response in body:

Activates the HPA axis, leading to the release of the hormone cortisol.Se

Second Stage of stress response in body:

Activates the sympathetic nervous system.

Third Stage of stress response:

Activation of sympathetic leads to epinephrine and norepinephrine which orchestrates the fight or flight response.

Chronic stress can increase:

Allostatic load

Allostatic load:

Wear and tear on the body - Multiple systems become dysregulated.

Social evaluation:

A process where individuals assess how they are perceived by others, impacting stress levels and well-being.

Trier social stress test:

Public speaking + math task designed to induce psychological stress in participants.

Role ambiguity (in work):

Occurs when a person has no clear idea what they are expected to do or how work will be evaluated.

Role conflict (in work):

Occurs when a person receives conflicting information about work tasks or standards from different individuals.

Demand control support

A theoretical model that examines the balance between job demands, control over work tasks, and social support, influencing employee stress and health outcomes.

Unemployment stress:

A type of psychological stress experienced by individuals who are jobless, characterized by feelings of anxiety, loss of identity, and financial insecurity.

The ACE Study showed that ACEs such as childhood _____ or ______ abuse predict mental health problems and physical illness:

Physical or sexual abuse

Prenatal nutrition can program:

Lifelong metabolism and cardiovascular health.

Policy Solutions can:

Decrease neglect and abuse (in ACE context).

Health promotion:

Idea that good health, or wellness, is a personal and collective achievement.

Health behaviors

Behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health

Health habits

behavior that are firmly established and performed automatically without awareness

Nearly half the deaths in the US are ____:

preventable

Primary:

Preventing disease.

Secondary:

early detection and intervention.T

Tertiary:

Managing existing conditions/problems.

Perceived health threat:

Beliefs about the threat posed by a behavior.

Perceived threat reduction:

Beliefs about whether engaging in a behavior will reduce health risks.

Classical Conditioning:

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Operant Conditioning:

earning process through which behaviors are modified by their consequences, such as rewards or punishments.

Examples of social engineering include:

changes in laws, policies, rules.

Cerebral Restitution theory:

A psychological concept suggesting that the brain can regenerate or recover functioning following injury through various rehabilitative practices.

Alcoholism:

Physical dependence on alcohol and inability to control drinking.

Problem drinking:

Alcohol consumption that results in social, psychological, and medical problems.

Alcoholism costs to society:

Economic losses (249 billion annually).

Social Problems associated with alcoholism:

STI transmission, leads to homicide, suicide, assaults.

Physical dependence:

Body is adjusted to substance and incorporates its use into the normal functioning of the body’s tissues.

Tolerance:

Body has adapted to the use of a substance and requires increasingly larger doses to obtain the same.

Craving:

Strong desire to engage in a behavior or consume a substance.

Addiction:

Person becomes physically or psychologically dependent on a substance following repeated use over time.

Withdrawal:

Unpleasant symptoms experienced by people when they stop using the dependent substance.

Symptoms of withdrawal include:

Anxiety, depression, irritability, nausea, and fatigue.

Detoxification:

Medical treatment involving abstinence from drinking until the bloodstream is free of toxins.

Risk of relapse (alcoholism):

50% of treated patience relapse within 3 months.

Eustress:

Positive stress. It can motivate individuals to perform better and achieve goals.

Distress:

Negative stress that can adversely affect health and well-being.

Stressors:

events that cause stress.

Primary appraisal:

Understanding what an event is and what it will mean. Events are appraised for their harm, threat, or challenge.

Secondary Appraisal:

Assessing whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of the environment.

Person-environment fit:

Results from the process of appraising events, assessing potential resources, and responding to the events. Results in lower levels of stress.

Direct physiological effects of stress:

Elevated lipids, elevated blood pressure, decreased immunity, increased hormonal activity.

Health behavior changes as a result of stress:

Increased smoking/alcohol use, poor nutrition, decreased sleep, increased drug use, little exercise.

Walter cannon:

Developed concept of fight or flight response.

Function of the fight or flight response:

Body is energized and motivated via sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system when a threat is perceived. Mobilizes an organism to attack the threat or to flee.

Disadvantage of fight or flight:

Can be harmful long-term.

General adaptation syndrom:

A three-stage response to stress, consisting of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages, that describes how the body reacts to prolonged stress.

According to article, the 3 categories of stress are:

Toxic stress, tolerable stress, positive stress.

____ of people experience ACE:

61%

Prenatal influences are said to lead to “programming” because:

They occur during sensitive periods for the development of many organs and systems.