AP EURO Unit 2: Age of Reformation 1450-1648

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were…

Roman Catholic

The Reformation was an attempt to

Reform the Catholic Church (not make a new religion, just reform)

How did the Catholic Church feel about the Reformation?

They were not open to this criticism

People like Martin Luther wanted to

Get rid of corruption

Restore the people’s faith in the Church

In the end, reformers like who ended up…

Martin Luther, establishing their own religions (Protestants)

The Reformation caused a what in Christianity with the formation of what?

Split, new Protestant religions

Who were the reformers?

-Martin Luther

-John Calvin

-Henry VIII

What sparked religious upheaval that affected Christians on all levels?

The 1500s Renaissance in Northern Europe

What group of people were calling for reform? What did this break in Europe?

-Northern Europeans

-Christian unity in Europe

In the Middle Ages, what happened to the Church?

It became increasingly caught up with worldly affairs

Who competed with who for political power?

Italian Princes competed with the Pope

Who fought long wars and why?? Who did they plot against?

-the church

-Papal States, expand power

-monarchs who planned on taking their land

During the Middle Ages, what did the Church create, sell, and increase

-created/ clergy sold indulgences

-increased fess for services like marriage and baptism

Indulgences

A payment for decreasing the time a person’s soul would be held in purgatory

When did protest against the Church become a full-scale revolt? Who started it?

1517, Martin Luther

Who was Martin Luther

-young German monk

-professor of theology

-lived and out up 95 theses in Wittenberg

Why did Martin Luther speak out?

-despite being part of the Church, he was disillusioned with Church corruption and problems in the world

-especially bothered by things in Wittenberg and priest in 1517 named Johann Tetzel who set up a pulpit on the outskirts of Wittenburg

What did Johann Tetzel do?

-he set up a pulpit on the outskirts of Wittenberg

-offered indulgences to any Christian giving money to rebuild the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome

-he said whoever bought his indulgences would automatically go to Heaven and people who purchased indulgences going onwards would also get this for their dead relatives

-his actions were the straw that broke the camel’s back for Martin Luther and made him draw up the 95 Theses

95 Theses

-stated the Pope has no authority to release souls from purgatory

-Christians saved by faith alone

-copied and overnight distributed across Europe with the printing press (Gutenberg)

-created debate across Europe

-work about how all Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible and everyday people being able to read Bible in every day vernacular

What did the Church tell Luther to do about the 95 Theses?

-recant or take back work

-he refused and created more radical doctrines urging Christians to reject Rome’s authority

What happened because Luther wouldn’t recant?

-1521

-Pope Leo X (10th) excommunicated him at the Diet of Worms

-later the Holy Roman emperor Charles V (5th) summoned Luther to the diet at worms and ordered Luther to give up his work

-Luther denied giving up his work again and he was declared an outlaw by Charles in the Edict of Worms

What upper social classes did Luther earn support from?

-princes

-embraced beliefs selfishly to throw off Church and Holy Roman emperor’s rule, -chance to take Church property for their territories,

-some because of national loyalty

What lower classes took up Luther’s fight?

-peasants

-1524 revolt broke out

-end serfdom and demand changes in everyday life

-Luther did not support them and with noble help the revolt was ended

• bloody revolts

• Luther believed Divine Right of Kings

-so they can be free and have better lives ❤

What did prince and peasant revolt/ change over Martin Luther lead to?

-Peace of Augsburg

-1530s-40s Charles V tried to make Lutheran princes Catholic

-Charles had little success after a few battles and the Peace of Augsburg was made to allow each prince to decide which religion would go for their land (including serfs)

John Calvin

-Swiss reformer in Catholic Church

-affected the direction of Reformation of the Catholic Church

-born in France

-priest and lawyer

What did John Calvin do?

-published a book with his religious beliefs and explained how to organize a Protestant Church and run it

-followed along lines of Luther but had differences such as predestination

What was predestination?

-the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation

-Luther disagreed (faith alone saves) and Calvin agreed

Calvinists

-thought people were divided into two kinds: saints and sinners

-1541 Protestants in Swiss city state Geneva asked Calvin to lead their community

-set up theocracy

-Europe now divided between Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists

Theocracy

Government led by church leaders

Europe was divided between

Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists

As the reformation continued what happened

-new Protestant sects emerged

-religious groups that were breakaways from the established church sprang up

-some followed Luther, Calvin, and other religious figures and some were anabaptists

Anabaptists

radical people rejected infant baptism because babies were too young to understand and accept faith

Christianity by the end of the Reformation picture

When did the Reformation truly begin in England and who had tried before?

-some leaders like John Wycliffe has tried in 1300s

-real change came with King Henry the 8th (VIII) breakaway from the Catholic Church

At first Henry from… was… the Protestant change.

-Tudor Monarchy

-against

-even won title from the Pope for being defender of the faith

What led Henry make the big switch?

-1527 when he had a problem with the Church

-was married to Catherine of Aragon and had Mary Tudor but not happy without a son for England’s future and his legacy

-fell for young noblewoman Anne Boleyn and though marrying her would make him happy and have a son 🧒

What was Henry’s problem that halted his dreams for a son?

-the church does not permit for divorce

-asked for annulment from the Pope Paul instead

-Pope has done this before but Catherine’s nephew was Charles V, the HRE

What did Henry choose after his dreams were dashed?

-with help from advisors he leaned toward Protestantism

-Thomas Cromwell was his counselor which helped him create a series of laws

-gave him the English church from the Pope, Thomas Cranmer was archbishop

-Cranmer gives him annulment and in 1533 Henry marries Anne Boleyn and had Elizabeth

Who protested in England

-many Catholics were upset and protested

-most famous was Sir Thomas More who was under Henry but resigned in protest

-then canonized as a saint by Catholic Church

Because the Protestant Reformation swept across Europe, what did the Catholic Church do?

-it’s own reform under Pope Paul III

-called Catholic Reformation or Counter Reformation against Prots

-includes Council of Trent

Council of Trent

-figure out the movement should go- pope calls council of Trent

-1545 but met on and off for 20 years

-reaffirmed traditional Catholic views

-salvation comes from faith and good works

-Christian Bible is religious truth but nit only source OF truth

-reduce church abuses and create penalties for worldliness and corruption

What is the new religious order of the time?

Jesuits/ Society of Jesus

-1540 Pope recognized them

-founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola

-Spanish knight raised as crusader

-after injured found comfort in word of God and became a soldier of God

-drew strict program of spiritual and moral discipline

Who symbolized the renewal of intense faith for Catholics after reform?

Teresa of Avila

-from wealth but entered convent and established order of nuns

-lived in isolation and dedicated lives to prayer and meditation

Prosecution

-for many Jews in Italy during the Renaissance it was good

-strong pressure to convert

-1516 Venice ordered Jews live in separate quarters of the city called ghettos and other cities followed suit

-during reformation these laws continued