science skills NS + stress sac

investigation methodologies

• controlled experiment

• modelling

• stimulation

• fieldwork

types of data

quantitive qualitative

subjective objective

secondary primary

controlled experiment

examines effect of IV on DV to determine cause effect relo

strength of controlled experiment

strict procedures = reduces errors

limitation of controlled experiment

highly controlled setting may change participant’s behaviours

modelling

construction of physical/conceptual model of system

strength for modelling -se

useful for simplifying + explaining unobservable concepts

limitation of modelling

oversimplify or inaccurately rep complex concepts

simulation

process of using model to study behaviour of real or theoretical system

strength of simulation

low health and safety risk to participants

limitation of simulation

artificial enviros change ppls behaviours + lower validity

fieldwork

observing/interacting outside of lab to determine correlational relos

fieldwork strength

insights into thoughts/behaviours of participants

fieldwork limitation

responses can be socially desirable or wrong

systemic error

consistent diff btween recorded and true/expected value

random error

inconsistent diff btween recorded and expected value

personal error

mistakes, miscalcs and observer errors

what causes systematic errors?

observational errors and wrong instrument calibration

how do systematic errors affect results?

reduce accuracy of results

what causes random errors?

poorly controlled or varying measurement procedures

how do random errors affect results?

lowers precision of results

what should happen if a personal error occurs?

study should stop and start again once errors are removed

validity

high moderate low

internal validity

extent to which a study measures what it claims to be measuring

internal validity eg

Did IV cause the change in DV?

what to consider for internal validity

investi method

experimental design

EV CVs

external validity

extent to which results can be applied to similar ppl in diff settings

what to consider for external validity - lss

lvl of reproducibility

sample

sampling techniques