Historical antecedents in the PH

Pre-Spanish Philippines — Filipinos already practiced science and technology through farming, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving. //

Rice Terraces — A sophisticated engineering achievement of pre-Spanish Filipinos. //

Science in pre-Spanish Philippines — Science was embedded in the everyday way of life of Filipinos. //

Science in agriculture — Filipinos used scientific knowledge in planting crops and preparing soil. //

Animal raising — Animals were cared for to assist in daily tasks and food production. //

Astronomical knowledge — Filipinos interpreted the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates. //

Timekeeping — Filipinos organized days into months and years based on natural cycles. //

Medicinal plants — Filipinos discovered the medicinal uses of plants and herbs. //

Technology in pre-Spanish Philippines — Technology was used to build houses, irrigation systems, tools, musical instruments, and transportation. //

Agricultural tools — Tools were developed for planting and farming. //

Hunting tools — Tools and weapons were developed for hunting. //

Fishing technology — Filipinos developed tools and methods for fishing. //

War technology — Tools and weapons were developed for fighting enemies during wars and tribal conflicts. //

Transportation technology — Filipinos developed transportation for both land and waterways. //

Musical technology — Filipinos developed technologies for creating musical instruments. //

Stone Age in the Philippines — A period when early inhabitants used simple stone tools and weapons. //

Arrival of modern humans — Modern humans from the Asian mainland came over land across narrow channels to the Philippines. //

Approximate arrival date — About 48,000 B.C. //

Early settlements — Batangas and Palawan were among the early places where modern humans settled. //

Other Stone Age settlement areas — Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan, and Cagayan. //

Early Stone Age tools — Simple tools and weapons made from stone flakes. //

Around 40,000 B.C. — Filipinos developed methods of sawing and polishing stones. //

Around 3,000 B.C. — Filipinos produced adzes, seashell ornaments, and pottery. //

Adzes — Stone tools produced by early Filipinos around 3,000 B.C. //

Pottery — Flourished for approximately 2,000 years before Chinese porcelain was imported. //

Metalworking development — Filipinos eventually learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold tools and ornaments. //

Iron Age in the Philippines — Lasted from the 3rd century B.C. to the 11th century A.D. //

Iron Age activities — Filipinos extracted, smelted, and refined iron from ores. //

Iron importation — Cast iron was later imported from Sarawak and eventually from China. //

Iron Age inventions/discoveries — Cotton weaving, glass ornaments, lowland rice cultivation, dike fields, terraced fields, and boat building. //

Cotton weaving — A technology learned by Filipinos during the Iron Age. //

Glass ornaments — Filipinos learned to make glass ornaments during the Iron Age. //

Lowland rice cultivation — One agricultural practice developed during the Iron Age. //

Dike fields — Agricultural fields developed using irrigation and water-management techniques. //

Terraced fields — Fields built on mountain regions and supplied with water, allowing agriculture in mountainous areas. //

Boat building — Filipinos developed boats for trading purposes. //

Caracoa — Refined plank-built warships noted by Spanish chroniclers, suited for interisland trade and raids. //

10th century A.D. — Regular trade relations between the Philippines, China, and Vietnam were already established. //

Butuan — Filipinos from Butuan traded with Champa (Vietnam). //

Ma-i — A Philippine trading area that traded with China; identified in historical records with Mindoro. //

Chinese records — Records containing references to the Philippines and evidence of early trade. //

Period of established trade — Approximately the 10th to 15th centuries A.D. //

Ma-i and San-Hsu traded goods — Beeswax, cotton, pearls, coconut-heart mats, tortoise shell, medicinal betel nuts, and panie cloth. //

Goods received through trade — Porcelain, lead, fishnet sinkers, colored glass beads, iron, pots, iron needles, and other goods. //

Pre-Spanish Filipino writing — Filipinos had an alphabet and a system of writing. //

Pre-Spanish counting — Filipinos had a method of counting. //

Pre-Spanish measurement — Filipinos had systems of weights and measures. //

Pre-Spanish calendar — Filipinos did not have a formal calendar. //

Determination of years — Years were determined through the period of the moon and the period from one harvest to another. //

Primitive/first-wave technology — Early Filipino technologies and practices developed before Spanish colonization. //

Herbal medicine — Filipinos knew the curative values of certain plants and knew how to extract medicine from herbs. //

Pre-Colonial Period — The period when scientific and technological development in the Philippines began before Spanish colonization. //

Pre-Colonial agriculture — Early Filipinos developed systems of farming and animal raising. //

Pre-Colonial transportation — Early Filipinos developed terrestrial and maritime transportation. //

Cordillera Rice Terraces — A complicated engineering achievement built by natives of the Cordilleras by hand. //

Purpose of the rice terraces — To cultivate crops on mountain slopes despite cold temperatures and difficult terrain. //

Rice terrace irrigation — Used water from forests and mountain tops. //

Importance of the Cordillera terraces — They demonstrate the innovative and ingenious ability of early Filipinos to survive in an unfriendly environment. //

Colonial Period — The period when Spanish colonization introduced modern construction methods and institutions. //

Spanish contribution to construction — Construction of walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructure. //

Spanish engineering influence — Spaniards brought engineering skills and tools that were used in Philippine construction. //

Spanish health system — The Spanish government developed a health system. //

Spanish education system — The Spanish government developed an education system. //

Principal class — The social class that primarily enjoyed the health and education systems developed during Spanish rule. //

American Period — A period when science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly through government support, education, scholarships, research, and public services. //

American modernization — The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines. //

Bureau of Science — A government agency established during the American period to nurture the development of science and technology. //

Purpose of the Bureau of Science — To promote and nurture the development of science and technology in the Philippines. //

Factors that accelerated science and technology during the American regime — Government encouragement, public education, scholarships, research agencies, and science-based public services. //

Public education during the American period — An extensive education system that supported scientific and technological advancement. //

Science and engineering scholarships — Scholarships for higher education that helped develop Filipino expertise in science and engineering. //

Science research agencies — Organizations established to promote scientific research. //

Science-based public services — Public services organized around scientific knowledge and technology. //

1947 — The Bureau of Science was reorganized into the Institute of Science. //

1947 Institute of Science — The reorganized successor of the Bureau of Science. //

1947 Institute of Nutrition — An Institute of Nutrition was created in 1947. //

1952 — The Science Foundation of the Philippines (SFP) was created. //

Science Foundation of the Philippines (SFP) — An organization created in 1952 to support science and technology. //

Office of the President — The Institute of Science, Institute of Nutrition, and Science Foundation of the Philippines were placed under this office. //

Chronological timeline — 48,000 B.C. arrival → 40,000 B.C. stone polishing → 3,000 B.C. pottery/adzes → 3rd century B.C.–11th century A.D. Iron Age → 10th–15th centuries A.D. trade → Pre-Colonial → Spanish Colonial → American Period → 1947 Institute of Science/Institute of Nutrition → 1952 SFP. //

Main idea of Philippine historical antecedents — Filipinos had scientific knowledge and technological practices long before Spanish colonization, which later developed through Spanish and American influences. //