Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Carbohydrates II

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and concepts related to carbohydrates in medicinal chemistry, facilitating efficient study and recall.

Mutarotation

The interconversion of α- and β- anomers of a sugar.

Glycosidic Linkage

The bond formed between an anomeric carbon of one sugar and an –OH group of another sugar.

Anomers

Diastereomers that differ in configuration at the anomeric carbon.

Reducing Sugar

A sugar that can act as a reducing agent due to its free aldehyde or ketone group.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide composed of D-glucose units linked by β-(1→4)-glycosidic bonds.

Lactose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose connected by a β-(1→4)-glycosidic bond.

D-Glucose

A hexose monosaccharide that is an important source of energy in many organisms.

Glycoside

An acetal formed when a hemiacetal reacts with an alcohol and an acid catalyst.

Galactosemia

A genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize galactose, leading to its accumulation.

Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, not a reducing sugar.

Starch

A polysaccharide made up of glucose units linked by α-(1→4)- and α-(1→6)-glycosidic bonds.

D-Glucosamine

An amino sugar that is a precursor for important structural components in connective tissue.

Oxidation of Glucose

Glucose can be oxidized to form aldehydes or carboxylic acids, known as aldonic acids.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates formed by linking together many monosaccharide units.

Maltose

A disaccharide consisting of two α-D-glucose units joined by an α-(1→4)-glycoside bond.

Cellobiose

A disaccharide consisting of two β-D-glucose units linked by a β-(1→4)-glycosidic bond.

Amylose

A linear form of starch consisting of glucose units linked by α-(1→4)-glycosidic bonds.

Amylopectin

A branched form of starch that contains both α-(1→4)- and α-(1→6)-glycosidic bonds.

Glycogen

The main storage form of glucose in animals, found in the liver and muscles.

Specific Rotation

The rotation of polarized light by a chiral substance; relevant for sugars.

Benedict’s Reagent

A chemical test for reducing sugars that gives a reddish precipitate when glucose is present.

Fehling’s Reagent

Used to detect reducing sugars, producing a reddish precipitate of Cu2O.

Tollen’s Reagent

A test for aldehydes that gives a metallic silver mirror when a reducing sugar is present.

Aldose

A sugar that contains an aldehyde group.

Ketose

A sugar that contains a ketone group.

D-2-Deoxyribose

A component of DNA that lacks one hydroxy group compared to D-ribose.

Acetal

A molecule formed from a carbonyl compound and an alcohol.

Glycolipids

Lipids that have carbohydrate attached and are important for cell recognition.

Glycoproteins

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached, playing roles in cell-cell interactions.

Hemiacetal

A compound formed from the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde.

Hydrolysis

The reaction of a compound with water, resulting in the breakdown of that compound.

Enzyme

A protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions.

Conglomerate

A mixture of different substances, often used to refer to complex carbohydrates.

Quelling Reaction

The process by which certain antibodies cause the capsule of bacteria to swell.

Direct Glycosylation

The process of forming a glycosidic bond through a direct reaction.

Nitrogenous Base

The part of a nucleotide that contains nitrogen; key in DNA and RNA structure.

Transfusion Reaction

A hemolytic response that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed.

Toxicity

The degree to which a substance can harm organisms.

Cation Exchange

A process used to exchange cations between a solution and solid.

Conglomerate

A cluster formed by various small particles, used to refer to certain polysaccharides.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, helpful in stoichiometry.

Immune Response

The reaction of the immune system to the presence of a foreign substance.

Agglutination

The clumping of cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody reaction.

Cyclic Structure

The arrangement of molecules in a closed-loop configuration, as seen in sugars.

Biochemical Markers

Molecules that can indicate the presence of certain conditions within biological systems.