Grade 12 Bio Exam

What are the structures of atoms?

Protons (+)

Neutrons (0)

Electrons (-)

Isotopes are:

Element that has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

The type of electron that is involved in chemical bonds are:

Valence / outer electrons

Ionic bonds VS Covalent bonds:

Ionic bonds are between 2 opposite atoms while covalent bonds are between atoms that share electrons

Hydrogen bonding is

a type of intermolecular force where there is a attraction between slightly + & slightly - atoms in another molecule

Dehydration synthesis is

a biological reaction where 2 molecules join together when water is removed

Hydrolysis is

a reaction where a large molecule is split by adding a water molecule

Neutralization is

a reaction where an acid & a base are combined to create a salt & water

A redox reaction is

a type of reaction when electrons transfer

LEO the Lion Says GER means

Lose Electrons = Oxidization

Gain Electrons = Reduction

What are the properties of water?

Cohesion

Adhesion

High specific heat capacity

High specific heat of evaporation

Solid water is less dense than liquid water

Cohesion VS Adhesion

Cohesion is a type of attraction between the same kind of molecules while adhesion is a type of attraction between different molecules

High specific heat capacity is

When water absorbs large amounts of thermal energy when it is heated & releases it as it cools

High specific heat capacity relates to water because

it helps keep organisms at a constant temperature

Ice floats because

 as water cools down the water molecules form a lattice structure that spreads the molecules apart when water cools down which means that solid water is less dense than liquid water

Ice floating has an impact on aquatic organisms

impacts aquatic animals in a positive way because the ice prevents them from dying or getting killed

Hydrophobic VS Hydrophillic

Hydrophobic substances do not like water & avoid it while hydrophilic substances like water & stick to it

A pH is important to living organisms because

Helps living organisms know what to eat or use

A pH scale is

a scale that measures how acidic or basic a substance is 

A pH level below 7 means

the substance is acidic

A pH level above 7 means

the substance is basic

A pH level at 7 means

the substance is neutral

Carbon can form that many bonds

Carbon can form 4 bonds

Functional groups are

A group of atoms that affects the function of another molecule by getting involved in chemical reactions

Draw hydroxyl

Draw carbonyl

Draw carboxyl

Draw amino

Draw phosphate

Draw dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis

What is the difference between dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis

In dehydration an H & OH is removed & in hydrolysis an H & OH is added

Carbohydrates are made up of

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Monosaccharides are

Simplest type of carbohydrate that has 1 single sugar molecule, they can be linear or in a ring-like structure

An example of monosaccharides are

glucose

Disaccharides are

Carbohydrate molecules are made up of 2 monosaccharides and are joined by dehydration synthesis which causes glycosidic bonds to be formed

An example of disaccharides would be

Sucrose

Polysaccharides are

Hydrophilic carbohydrate molecules that have more than 2

Some examples of polysaccharides are

Starch, cellulose, & glycogen

Glycosidic bonds

are bonds that connect with sugar molecules

Monosaccharides are

the monomers of polysaccharides

Cellulose is

a polysaccharide that can be found in plants & gives structural support in the cell wall

Starch is

a polysaccharide that can be found in plants and it helps store sugar

Chitin is

a polysaccharide that can be found in the exoskeleton in bugs & give them structural support

Glycogen is

a polysaccharide that can be found in animals & it helps store sugar

A lipid is

a type of hydrophobic fat with hydrogen & carbon & it forms cell membranes, is a type of energy source, helps with waterproofing, insulation & is a type of cushioning

Fatty acids are

A molecule that had a carboxyl & hydrocarbon chain 

Saturated fats are

Sold, Single bonded, & straight lipids

Unsaturated fats are

Liquid, double bonded, kinky, & healthy lipids

Fats are

a combination of fatty acids & glycerol molecules 

Steroids are

Lipids with 4 carbon rings such as cholesterol & can be used to make hormones or vitamins

Waxes are

Lipids thats formed when fatty acid chains are joined with alcohol or carbon rings

Phospholipids are

Lipid that has 2 fatty acids & a phosphate group with a glycerol which creates a phospholipid bilayer

Triglycerides are

Fat that has 3 fatty acids that are linked to a glycerol

Proteins are

Polymers made up of amino acids that carry important structural & functional roles

The monomers of proteins are

Amino acids which makes up proteins that are made up of a carboxyl group & amino group

Essential VS Non-Essential Amino Acid

Essential amino acids are acids that need to be taken through eating while non-essential ones are made in the body

A peptide bond

connect amino acids together

R-groups are

molecules that give each amino acid different properties

A structural protein

is a protein that gives support

A defensive protein

is a protein that fights bacteria & infections

A signal protein

is a protein that carries messages

A recognition & receptor protein

is a protein that are cellular markers

Enzyme proteins are

proteins that are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, break down & build molecules

Motile proteins are

proteins that help with movement

The 4 levels of protein structure are

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Primary protein structures

have a chain of amino acids

Secondary protein structures

are amino acid chains in a spiral or zigzag pattern

Tertiary protein structures

are folded because of R-group reactions

Quaternary protein structures

are many peptide chains that are linked together

Substrates are

substances that react with an enzyme

Active sites are

a place where the bonding process of a enzyme & substrate happens

The cell membrane

are found in animal cells & goes around the cell & controls what goes in & out of the cell

The cell wall

is a hard outer layer that surrounds plant cells

The cytosol

is the fluid inside cells

The nucleus

Has DNA & it controls the cell’s activities in both plant & animal cells

The nucleolus

Makes ribosomes in both plant & animal cells

The nuclear envelope

The outer layer that contains the nucleus & nucleolus in both plant & animal cells

Ribosomes

Builds proteins & reads RNA in both plant & animal cells

The Smooth ER

Makes lipids, steroids, breaks down toxins, & releases calcium in both plant & animal cells

The Rough ER

is covered with ribosomes & stores protein for later transport in both plant & animal cells

The Golgi Body

Moves & modifies substances in both plant & animal cells

Vacuoles in Plants

Are large membrane bound structures that acts as a storage compartment, keeps cells firm, removes harmful chemicals, & has defensive chemicals

Vacuoles in Animals

Are small transport sacs

Lysosomes are

organelles that have enzymes that digest other molecules, fights diseases, & recycles old cell parts in animal cells

The mitochondria

Place for cellular respiration which produces energy in both plant & animal cells

The cristae are the

folds of inner membrane which increases surface area in both plant & animal cells

The Matrix is

a type of fluid where reactions happen in animal cells

Chloroplasts are

photosynthetic organelles that makes sugar using sunlight in plant cells

The cytoskeleton

provides cell structure & helps with cell division in both plant & animal cells

Microtubules is a

support tube made of tubulin proteins that helps with support in both plant & animal cells

Microfilaments are

small threads made of actin proteins that help move muscles in both plant & animal cells

Cilium is

microtubes used for moving substances with small tails called paramecium in animal cells

Flagellum are

Long-tail like microtubes used for movement in both plant & animal cells

Pseudopods are

Limb like structures that are formed by amoeba in animal cells

The structure that is found within a cell membrane is

the phospholipid bilayer

The phospholipid bilayer is

made up of phospholipids which makes up most of the cell membrane & it had a hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tail

Passive transport is

a type of movement where a substance is moved across the membrane without energy

Facilitated diffusion is

a type of passive transport where proteins are used to transport substances across the membrane

Exocytosis vs Endocytosis

Exocytosis moves substances out of the cell while endocytosis moves things in & out using vesicles

Osmosis VS Diffusion

Osmosis is a type of passive transport where substances move for low to high concentration while diffusion is a type of passive transport where proteins are used to move substances