PT 6140 Anatomy: NMSK System Overview

Comprehensive practice questions covering anatomical terminology, planes of movement, skeletal and muscular classifications, nervous system divisions, and clinical lesion patterns.

According to anatomical relationships, what does the term 'Superficial' mean?

Nearer to surface.

How is the heart positioned relative to the stomach anatomically?

The heart is superior (cranial) to the stomach.

Define 'Medial' in terms of anatomical planes.

Nearer to the median plane.

Which term describes a position farther from the trunk or point of origin of a limb?

Distal.

The upper limb bud corresponds to which nerve segments?

$C5$-$T1$ segments.

The lower limb bud corresponds to which nerve segments?

$L2$-$S2$ segments.

What movement involves the thumb moving to touch the tip of another finger?

Opposition.

In which plane and axis does Sagittal plane movement occur?

Sagittal plane; Coronal axis.

What are the primary functions of the Frontal (coronal) plane during movement?

Balance, weight shift, and acting as a torque converter.

What are the five classifications of bones based on shape?

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

What are the four primary functions of synovial fluid mentioned in the lecture?

1. Reduces friction between articulating surfaces; 2. Helps with shock absorption; 3. Involved in nutrient and waste exchange (supplies $O_2$ and nutrients, removes $CO_2$); 4. Molecular sieving (barrier for cells).

How is a 'Ball and socket' synovial joint described?

A multiaxial joint where a rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes.

What characterizes a 'Saddle' joint?

A biaxial joint where saddle-shaped heads permit movement in two different planes.

What are the three common forms of skeletal muscle contraction?

Isometric, Concentric, and Eccentric.

Define 'Isometric' contraction.

Equal resistance with no movement; the muscle maintains steady contraction holding a position.

What occurs during an 'Eccentric' muscle contraction?

The muscle lengthens as muscle resistance decreases and gravity pulls the limb down.

What are the structural components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Brain, brain stem, and spinal cord ($SC$).

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP)?

Sympathetic nervous system.

List five examples of 'Inert Tissue' according to the lecture.

Bursa, Capsule, Dura, Fascia, and Ligament.

What is the defining characteristic of 'Contractile tissue' compared to 'Inert tissue'?

Contractile tissue has the ability to contract and relax, whereas inert tissue has no ability to contract and relax.

What is a 'Capsular Pattern' (CP)?

A pattern of limitation or restriction in a joint that has been traumatized or immobilized, suggesting involvement of the joint capsule.

In inert lesion patterns, what does 'Pain in all directions and limited ROM' suggest?

The entire joint is affected, indicating an acute inflammatory issue, arthritis/capsulitis (if CP is present), or perhaps psychosocial factors.

What is indicated if a contractile unit movement is 'Strong (relative) and painful'?

A local lesion of the muscle or tendon (e.g., $1^{\circ}$ or $2^{\circ}$ muscle strain).

What does a 'Weak and pain free' movement in a contractile unit indicate?

Muscle/tendon rupture or a neurological issue.

According to Phillip Greenman (2003), which part of the hand has the greatest discriminatory ability for palpation?

The pads of the fingers or thumbs.