The New England Colonies

Which colonies are considered part of New England?

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut.

Who established New Hampshire and when?

New Hampshire was established by English fishermen in 1622.

Who was the first governor of New Hampshire?

John Mason.

What was the purpose of establishing Rhode Island in 1636?

It served as a refuge for 'non-conformists' who disagreed with church policies.

Who was Roger Williams and what did he advocate for?

Roger Williams was a Puritan minister who advocated for the separation of church and state, religious freedom, and fair treatment of American Indians.

What were the key beliefs of Roger Williams?

1) God's will is obscure. 2) Each person should worship in their own way. 3) Priesthood of the believer.

What were the principles established in Rhode Island?

1) Separation of church and state. 2) Complete religious freedom. 3) Fair treatment of American Indians.

What significant document was created in Connecticut in 1639?

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, which was the first written constitution in North America.

What was the purpose of the New England Confederation formed in 1643?

To provide mutual defense against hostile Native American tribes.

Which colonies are included in the Middle Colonies?

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware.

Who was Henry Hudson and what is he known for?

An English sea explorer who named a river after himself and disappeared in 1611 while searching for the Northwest Passage.

What was the role of the Dutch West India Company?

They were interested in Hudson's discoveries and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, seeking trading posts closer to the Caribbean and Brazil.

What was New Amsterdam and what is it known as today?

New Amsterdam was a settlement that is now known as Wall Street.

What were the characteristics of the governance in the Middle Colonies?

1) Director-General chosen by the company. 2) Harsh treatment of people. 3) Purchase of Manhattan Island from Native Americans.

Who was Peter Stuyvesant?

The last director-general of New Amsterdam, known for his unpopular governance.

What happened to New Amsterdam in 1664?

It was captured by James, Duke of York, and renamed New York.

Who settled New Jersey and how was it established?

New Jersey was settled by friends of James, Duke of York, after the defeat of the Dutch West India Company.

What is the Society of Friends and who founded it?

Also known as Quakers, the Society of Friends was founded by George Fox.

What are some key beliefs of the Quakers?

1) Everyone can be saved. 2) Everyone is his own priest. 3) Refusal to swear oaths. 4) Pacifism. 5) No class distinctions. 6) Unique dress. 7) Opposition to slavery.

What was Whydah known for in West African history?

Whydah was a powerful kingdom in modern-day Benin, known for capturing rival tribes and selling them as slaves to European and Arab traders.

Who was the powerful ruler of Dahomey who conquered Whydah in 1727?

King Agaja.

What were two significant policies of King Agaja after conquering Whydah?

1) He incorporated Whydan religious practices and deities into his empire. 2) He sold a large number of Whydah's people into slavery.

What impact did the enslavement of Whydah's people have on the Americas?

Enslaved people brought their unique religious practices and cultural identity, including the introduction of Vodun religion into the Caribbean and the American South.

How are Voodoo and Hoodoo related?

Both are religions brought by native people of Benin (Whydah) as they were sold into slavery, but they are not the same thing.

What were the principal centers of Whydah's cultural interaction abroad?

Jamaica, Haiti, and the Mississippi River Valley.

What perception did West African Muslims hold among enslaved people in the Americas?

They were perceived as 'more trustworthy' due to similarities with Christianity and were granted authority over other enslaved people.

Which American colonies were major destinations for enslaved Muslims from West Africa?

North Carolina and South Carolina.

Who was Lord Sir William Penn and what was his significance?

He was an admiral in the British Navy, wealthy and well-liked by the king, and he died in 1681.

What was the relationship between William Penn and the Quakers?

William Penn, son of Lord Sir William Penn, became involved with the Quakers and sought to establish a colony in North America for them.

What was the 'Holy Experiment' that William Penn envisioned for Pennsylvania?

It was his vision for the colony to be a place of religious freedom and fair treatment of American Indians.

What were the voting provisions in Pennsylvania under William Penn's Frame of Government?

Any male who owned land or paid taxes could vote.

What was the significance of the Mason-Dixon Line?

It was established by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to separate southern Pennsylvania from northern Maryland.

What was the most important city in the Middle Colonies during this time?

Philadelphia.

What was the original meaning of the name 'Pennsylvania'?

It means 'Penn's Woodland'.

What was the response of Charles II to William Penn's request for land for the Quaker religion?

Charles II agreed to grant the land to help get the Quakers out of England.

What was the role of the Dahomey kingdom in the slave trade?

Dahomey captured and sold rival tribes, including people from Whydah, into slavery.

What was one of the cultural impacts of the slave trade on the Americas?

The introduction of Vodun and other West African religious practices.

How did King Agaja's policies affect the religious landscape of the Americas?

His incorporation of Whydan religious practices into Dahomey led to the spread of these beliefs among enslaved populations.

What was the significance of the elite women warriors in Dahomey?

They were a notable aspect of Dahomey's military and cultural identity.

What was the relationship between the kingdoms of Whydah and Dahomey?

Dahomey was a rival kingdom to the north that eventually conquered Whydah.

What is the nickname for Philadelphia?

City of Brotherly Love.

What happened to Young Penn due to his friendliness with the people?

He lost all of his wealth and died of sorrow.

Who was Delaware named after?

Lord de La Warr.

What are the common characteristics of the Middle Colonies?

1) All basically English. 2) Enjoyed certain Anglo-Saxon rights. 3) Possessed some measure of self-government. 4) Had some degree of religious tolerance or educational opportunity. 5) Separated from English authority by 3,000 miles of ocean.

What territory did New France cover?

French territory in North America, ranging from modern-day Canada through the midwestern U.S. and down the Mississippi River.

Who is known as the 'Father of New France'?

Samuel de Champlain.

What did Samuel de Champlain establish in New France?

Numerous French trading posts for fur trading with Native American nations.

Who was the first man to travel the entire length of the Mississippi River?

Rene Robert Cavelier de La Salle.

What did La Salle claim for the king of France?

All of the Mississippi River, all rivers that enter it, and all lands watered by it.

What were some characteristics of French colonization in New France?

1) Interested in fur, not farms. 2) No elected assembly. 3) No trial by jury. 4) Identified with Native Americans more than English colonists. 5) Far fewer French families in New France.

What was the Age of Absolutism associated with?

Wars, particularly involving France as the strongest land power.

What was the War of the Spanish Succession about?

King of Spain Charles II dying without a male heir and naming Philip, Duke of Anjou, as his successor.

What was the Treaty of Utrecht?

A treaty signed in 1713 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession.

What were the provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht?

1) France gave up some land. 2) France gave up Acadia and the eastern part of Canada (Nova Scotia). 3) Recognized family dynasties of Queen Anne in England and King Victor Amadeus of Sicily and Nice.

Who was Edward Teach, also known as Blackbeard?

A notorious English pirate captain and veteran of the war, known for raiding Caribbean islands and the North American coast.

What was Queen Anne's Revenge?

The ship used by Blackbeard for about a year before it was captured by French privateers in 1717.

What period is referred to as the 'Golden Age of Piracy'?

Circa early 1700s.

What ship was used by Blackbeard before its capture in 1717?

Queen Anne's Revenge

What does Gibraltar control access to?

The Mediterranean Sea

What was the War of Jenkins Ear fought over?

Exclusive English rights to sell African slaves to Spain.

What was the primary problem leading to the French and Indian War?

English settlers were pushing for settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains into territory claimed by France.

What was the solution sought by colonial leaders regarding French presence in the Ohio River Valley?

To clear the French from the region by diplomacy or force.

What was Fort Duquesne built for?

To keep English settlers out of the Ohio River Valley.

Who was Robert Dinwiddie?

The Governor of Virginia who wanted to clear the French out of Fort Duquesne.

What role did George Washington play in the French and Indian War?

He was a Colonel in the Virginia militia ordered to confront the French at Fort Duquesne.

What happened at the Battle of Great Meadows in May 1754?

Washington and his men were ambushed by French and Native American forces.

What did GW report to Dinwiddie regarding the French?

British troops were needed to help drive out the French.

What was the purpose of the Albany Congress in 1754?

To discuss mutual defense against the French.

Who famously urged colonial unity against the French and Native Americans?

Benjamin Franklin.

What was one goal of the Albany Congress?

To secure the Iroquois Confederacy as British allies.

What was another goal of the Albany Congress?

To promote greater colonial unity.

What did the Albany Congress aim to ensure against the French?

A stronger defense.

Who was Edward Braddock?

A British general dispatched to Virginia with fresh troops during the French and Indian War.

How many British 'redcoats' did Braddock lead into the Ohio River Valley?

2,200 British 'redcoats'.

What was Braddock's mission in the Ohio River Valley?

To drive the French out and clear the way for English settlement.

What was the significance of the year 1756 in the context of the French and Indian War?

It marks the beginning of the French and Indian War.

What was the relationship between the early wars between England and France and the French and Indian War?

The early wars set the stage for the conflict over territory in North America.

What was the role of William Shirley during the French and Indian War?

He was the British colonial governor of Massachusetts who forged closer relationships between the colonies and England.

What was the membership of the Albany Congress?

Seven colonies calling for mutual defense and British military support.

What was the outcome of the Battle of the Wilderness on July 9, 1755?

Braddock's forces were ambushed, resulting in massive British casualties (977) and Braddock being killed in action.

Who rallied the British forces during the Battle of the Wilderness?

George Washington rallied the men, fought back, and organized a retreat.

What significant event occurred in 1756 during the French and Indian War?

France declared war on England.

What was the 'Great Displacement' of 1756?

4,000 French families in Acadia were evicted by British occupiers and settled in modern-day south Louisiana/Texas, becoming known as 'Cajuns'.

Who was William Pitt and what was his role in the French and Indian War?

William Pitt was the British Minister of War known as 'the Great Commoner,' promoted in 1756 to reverse French successes.

What was one of William Pitt's strategies to turn the tide of the war?

He selected three young British officers—Sir William Johnson, James Wolfe, and Jeffrey Amherst—for promotion and sent them to North America.

Which two major French strongholds did Pitt target?

Quebec and Montreal.

What happened at the Battle of Quebec on September 13, 1759?

Wolfe's troops surprised French defenders and captured the city, but Wolfe was killed in action.

What was the significance of the Siege of Montreal on September 8, 1760?

Amherst seized the capital of New France with over 18,000 troops and Iroquois allies.

What were the provisions of the Treaty of Fontainbleau (1762)?

Spain received New Orleans and all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, and France received Spanish involvement in the war against Britain.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Quiberon Bay on November 20, 1759?

It was a British pre-emptive strike and naval victory over French forces.

What occurred during the Siege of Havana from March to August 1762?

British and colonial American forces captured the city and the island of Cuba from Spain.

What was the Filipino Campaign (1762-1764)?

British troops drove the Spanish from Manila and Cavite, occupying the two key cities for 20 months.

What did the Treaty of Paris (1763) accomplish?

It ended the war between England, France, and Spain, with Britain receiving all of New France/Canada and Louisiana east of the Mississippi River.

What were the provisions regarding fishing rights in the Treaty of Paris (1763)?

France retained fishing rights off of Newfoundland.

What territories did Spain give to Britain as a result of the Treaty of Paris (1763)?

Spain gave East and West Florida to Britain.

What were some results of the French and Indian War that contributed to the American Revolution?

1) Colonists gained confidence to fight. 2) The myth of British invincibility was shattered. 3) Dismay over some colonies' reluctance to support the war effort. 4) England emerged with the world's largest empire but also the largest debt.